Effects of the Second World War on Asia and Africa Essay

Effects of the Second World War on Asia and Africa - Essay Example omists for this reason argue that decolonisation occurred due to economic reasons as colonial powers came to enjoy all the benefits of colonies without bearing heavy costs of ruling over them1. There were also movements of independence springing is different parts of Africa. Asian decolonisation may be due to economic reasons but this allowed other colonies to struggle for their freedom too. After the Second World War the hold of colonial powers started to slip as countries started to demand rights. It was also no longer feasible to control so many geographical regions both economically and politically. The feeling of being ‘used’ as a tool in the Second World War also played a role in springing independence movements. All in all decolonisation was the most significant after effect of the Second World War. Without the war it would have been difficult for Asian and African colonies to gain independence. Now we will discuss how decolonisation affected Asia and Africa. Effe cts on Asia People of Asia were involved in directly in the Second World War. British India participated in the war by lending soldiers as well as raw materials to the British Empire. Initially it was difficult for the British Empire to get the support of the Indian people but with the promise of independence Indian people were taken on board for the Second World War. Netherland, Spain, Portugal, and France also had colonies in Asia but due to their weak economic situation they had to draw out of their colonies. The first country to decolonise after Second World War was Indonesia which was under Dutch control. Spain too drew out of territories they controlled. This was all because of the effects of Second World War. The war weakened all the countries to great extent and therefore they had to pull... This essay seeks to examine effects of the Second World War on Africa and Asia. It is discussed how the end of Second World War paved the way for independence of the colonised countries in Africa and Asia. It also talks about the after-effects of decolonisation on Asian and African continents. The Second World War ended in a disaster. Japan was facing severe problems due to atomic bomb. Europe was completely destroyed as millions were affected from the war. Great Britain, France, Netherland, Spain, United States, and Soviet Union all had colonies all over the world at the time. It can be said that there was no ‘third world’ in pre Second World War scene and most of the world was controlled by the above mentioned colonisers. The effect of the damages of Second World War was great. Economically almost all the countries were suffering including the colonies themselves. The situation of the natives of colonies was not economically healthy since The Great Depression as prices of raw materials were falling constantly. The paper concludes that the long term effects of Second World War were great on Africa and Asia as new countries came into existence and new forms of nationalism were founded. New countries played an active role in international politics as well as in trade. Today Asian countries are growing at a great pace and the once ‘third world’ is now powering up to gain economic supremacy over western countries. All this began with the end of Second World War and decolonisation.

Social Work Theory and Methods of Intervention Essay Example for Free

Social Work Theory and Methods of Intervention Essay This piece of work will attempt to look at how a chosen Social Work method can be useful in case work intervention with an individual. It will look at the theory in detail with regards to its application in the client/worker relationship, taking into consideration issues of anti-discriminatory practice and the limitations which the method may have in delivering a holistic service. It will then consider the benefits of using another method in conjunction with the first in order to compliment this and provide more robust ministrations. The individual chosen from the case study is Michael. He is 15 years old and has recently been arrested along with two friends. This is not his first offence and he has intimated that he feels confused and has no-one to talk to. Additionally his relationship with family members is tentative at the present time and he has been blamed for the arrest by his friends. The method chosen in this instance is Cognitive Behavioural. This approach is concerned with the way we think. It makes the assumption that behaviour is directed by thoughts. Unlike many other concepts, which concentrate more on unconcious drives, feelings or internal conflict. Cigno and Bourne 1998, believe that most of what makes us individuals rather than clones, what shapes our personalities, including behaviour, emotion and cognition, is a result of what we have learned. This paradigm is rooted in behaviourist theory. Pavlov introduced classical conditioning after his work on physiological processes of digestion. This was a specifically centred around work with laboratory animals, which when observed in experiments began to develop associations and anticipations about food. Pavlov named this stimulus association learning. Operant conditioning is also part of this model, introduced by B. F Skinner 1953, it interposed the concepts of positive and negative reinforcment as a result of stimulus. He believed that almost any set of stimuli can aquire reinforcing or punishing associations through the consequences they bring Cigno and Bourne1998. Cognitive and behavioural theories are principles from two related streams of psychological writing, Payne 1997. Social learning theory (Bandura), focuses the fact that most behaviour is learned. However it goes further than behavioural theory by implying that peoples perceptions and thinking about their experiences and modelling what they see around them are vital to the process and interdependent to the feelings that they have regarding this. Basically Bandura believed that how we think has an affect on our behaviour and that both of these are open to change. The way we think about a situation mediates between the outside world and our inner self, Harrison and Butler 2004. People have the capacity to change and behaviour is assimilated by goals, Sheldon 1995. Cognitive behavioural programmes are based on the application of both social learning theory and cognitive theory to inform therapeutic methods, Cigno and Bourne 1998. This assessment would be done with the intention of helping Michael to see where he is at present with his own thought processes (hopes, fears,values) and to progress from these to try to make Michaels behaviour goal orientated, e. g getting Michael to think about offending in a different way and continuous reinforcment of a desired behaviour will work quickly to decrease in the behaviour which leads to offending, this promotes change in the thinking behind offending behaviour. Shaping can also be used, reinforcing small steps made toward a required behaviour. The worker also needs to challenge negative thought processes. Feedback needs to be encouraged so that Michael can see what he has achieved oustide sessions, Harrison and Butler 2004. Once the desired behaviour is achieved fading would be used to reduce the amount or type of reinforcement. This enables Michael to transfer his behaviour to other settings, Payne1997. The principle of self-talk can be tried out with Michael also. Cigno and Bourne 1998 indicate that children gain self-control over their actions as their inner speech develops. Using this formula in the form of self-talk can help with self-appraisal and self-support. Self-Instructional Training (SIT -Goldstein and Keller 1987) was developed with this as a central concept. This intervention can help to establish self control in young offenders, thus helping to decrease the arousal which may lead to offending behaviour. Beck et al 1985 followed on from Bowlbys (1977) work on attachment and loss and may take the stance that Michael has a sociotropic personality. This means that he values closeness and the loss of a relationship, a rejection or an experience of social deprivation could affect his mood and leave him feeling confused and isolated, Dryden1996. Hence the abnormal thought which lead to offending. Another use of cognitve techniques could be offered to Michael and his family in the form of Functional Family Therapy if his family were willing to participate. This focuses on family interaction. It uses contingency contracting as a means of changing family interaction in the case of young offenders. It can help to reduce recidivism and have a beneficial effect on the interactions between families. It has become increasingly evident

Slaughterhouse Five Essay -- essays research papers

Slaughterhouse-Five   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Critics often suggest that Kurt Vonnegut's novels represent a man's desperate, yet, futile search for meaning in a senseless existence. Vonnegut's novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, displays this theme. Kurt Vonnegut uses a narrator, which is different from the main character. He uses this technique for several reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Vonnegut introduces Slaughterhouse Five in the first person. In the second chapter, however, this narrator changes to a mere bystander. Vonnegut does this for a specific reason. He wants the reader to realize that the narrator and Billy Pilgrim, the main character, are two different people. In order to do this, Vonnegut places the narrator in the text, on several occasions. 'An American near Billy wailed that [Billy] had excreted everything but his brains...That was I. That was me.'; This statement clearly illustrates that the narrator and Billy are not the same person. The narrator was the American disgusted by Billy. Vonnegut places the narrator in the novel in subtle ways. While describing the German prisoner trains, he merely states, 'I was there.'; By not referring to Billy as I, Billy is immediately an individual person. I is the narrator, while Billy is Billy. Their single connection is that they were both in the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Vonnegut places his experiences and his views in the text. He begins the book by stating, 'All this happened, more or less...

Homeless in Cincinnati

Contemporary ProblemsI have selected homelessness for this paper. The homeless in Cincinnati is a large job and there are many persons and organisations out at that place contending to eliminate this job in Cincinnati. One of the organisations making this is called StreetVibe. The people that work for StreetVibe are current homeless and/or former homeless persons. They contribute to the web site and newssheet by composing poesy, articles, and other types of artistic points to educate people on the homeless state of affairs in Cincinnati. This organisation provides exigency shelter, soup kitchens, medical services, lasting lodging, societal services and transitional life installations. They look for members of the community such as local companies to fall in the battle here against homelessness. Harmonizing to the article, Homeless in Cincinnati: A Study of the Causes and Conditions of Homelessness, one of the biggest challenges today is the medical status of those persons who find themselves stateless. These persons do non hold even basic health care, nor can they afford health care. Without this many everyday medical jobs can non be diagnosed or treated. The article besides discusses two grounds why homelessness is a go oning job ; drug maltreatment plays against an single seeking to acquire off the streets. They can non give up the substance maltreatment and keep a occupation, household, and other duties. Another issue that contributes to the issue of homelessness is the shutting of mental wellness installations. These persons may non hold medical resources to go on their intervention and stop up on the streets due to miss of aid in happening lodging, a occupation, etc. One of the biggest challenges confronting Cincinnati is holding an accurate history of how many stateless people there are. The people who live in the street are largely unseeable and unless sing a soup kitchen or shelter the true Numberss can non be figured. Too frequently these persons live on hillsides, under Bridgess, along the river and are really hard to acquire in touch with ( Burdell, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to the Greater Cincinnati Coalition for the Homeless, 25 per centum of the homeless in the metropolis are kids, 45 per centum are kids under 5. It is interesting to observe that 68.5 per centum of all the homeless in Cincinnati are Afro-american. It ‘s besides interesting to observe that of all the homeless in Cincinnati, 30 per centum are alcohol maltreaters and 31.5 per centum are substance maltreaters while 31 per centum suffer from some signifier of mental unwellness. This makes the occupation of human service workers really hard as these people are close and difficult to acquire to cognize every bit good as the trouble of happening them on the streets to give them assistance. Many garbage aid or are really disdainful and do non desire aid. One of the organisations in Cincinnati that assists the homeless is The Salvation Army. In 2008, The Salvation Army provided impermanent lodging for over 6,800 people. This lodging includes shelters, grownup day care installations, transitional life agreements and helping with rent and public-service corporations. One of the challenges at this clip are the figure of homeless. With the downswing in the economic system, there are more households that need aid which is seting a strain on these types of services. Presently in Cincinnati besides the Red Kettle plan, there are Adopt-A-Family and the Toy Shop plan. These plans provide are for the populace or companies to supply a household with gifts and nutrient for the vacations. The Toy Shop plan provides kids with new playthings for Christmas. Another organisation in Cincinnati that assists with homelessness is Goodwill. Goodwill ‘s biggest are of aid is in contributions of vesture, family points, autos and trucks to assist people acquire back and Forth to work or to medical attention visits. Goodwill besides provide many other services such as vocational services for preparation, reding and employment services and many other services to help veterans, kids and adult females. The lodging plan that Goodwill provides includes aid with rent, security sedimentations, furniture, public-service corporations and other points that are required for the homeless to acquire off the streets and go independent. Cincinnati has legion organisations to help the homeless, the bureaus discussed supra are the largest bureaus that provide many services, in many countries to the people of Cincinnati. These organisations provide a valuable service that provides much needed aid to the metropolis ‘s homeless. Without these organisations, the homeless in Cincinnati would hold nowhere to turn for aid with lodging, repasts, occupations, vesture and many other points.MentionsApplied Information Resources, Inc. ( 2001 ) . Homeless in Cincinnati: A Study of the Causes and Conditions of Homelessness. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cincihomeless.org/content/downloads/GCCH_HomelessInCincinnati.pdf Savage, C. , Lindsell, C. , Gillespie, G. , Lee, R. , & A ; Corbin, A. ( 2008 ) . Bettering wellness position of homeless patients at a nurse-managed clinic in the Midwest USA. Health & A ; Social Care in the Community. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from EBSCOhost: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail? vid=3 & A ; hid=2 & A ; sid=514bc4fe-bd2f-4acd-90b4-90deafd349a1 % 40sessionmgr110 & A ; bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ % 3d % 3d # db=a9h & A ; AN=34138045 # db=a9h & A ; AN=34138045 # db=a9h & A ; AN=34138045 The Greater Cincinnati Coalition For The Homeless, ( n.d. ) . Homeless Statitists. Retreived from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cincihomeless.org/content/hfacts.html, on December 3, 2009. The Salvation Army. ( n.d. ) .Facts and figures.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.use.salvationarmy.org/use/www_use_cincinnati.nsf/vw-text-dynamic-arrays/C840FE6A7522E69D85257478006596FB? openDocument, on December 4, 2009.

A Critique of a health promotion tool Essay

The purpose of this essay is to critically analyse a health education resource, to show knowledge and understanding of the use of health behaviour models and to understand the concept of health promotion. The health education resource chosen by the author is presented in the form of a leaflet promoting breast awareness. Health promotion is â€Å"any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organisational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conductive to the health of individuals, groups and communities†. (Joint Committee, 2001, p.101). The purpose of health promotion is to encourage the adoption of â€Å"healthy† behaviours. Health promotion is made up of 3 main concepts, which are Health education, Health protection and Prevention of disease, these also referred to as the health triad. There are many factors which may affect the implementation of health promotion, these are: educational background, sociocultural contexts, demographic position, attitudes, behaviour, socioeconomic groups and beliefs. Health promotion is also cost beneficial, although it appears to cost money, society saves money in the long run because treatment costs more than disease prevention, health protection and health education. Even though health promotion was being practiced in the 18th century, the most relevant changes have occurred in the past 20 years, this is primarily due to a change in the emphasis of health care. Health become more about prevention of illness rather than treatment in the early 1980’s, this paradigm shift in emphasis is directly related to cost benefits from health promotion and the change of responsibility for health onto the individual rather than the establishment (Health professionals). Health has been defined as: â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and merely the absence of disease or infirmity†. Health consists of five dimensions, which are: Physical health, Emotional health, Social health, Mental health and Spiritual health. Main Body Health promotion is a fundamental component of the health care systems. The health promotion relies on the health triad model, which consists of 3main domains as mentioned above in the introduction. The author will now go into more detail about these three domains. Health education – All aspects of  positive health education are comprised in the domain. This includes helping individuals, groups or communities develop positive health impute, such as self-esteem and life skills by influencing behaviour (Butler, 2001). Health Protection – This domain focuses on the increase of positive health and the prevention of ill health. It also comprises regulations and policies (Downie et al 1998). Disease Prevention – Planning and measures taken to stop disease or health problems before health event occur. This domain is split into three levels of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary prevention – seeks to stop the onset of illness or injury during the pre-pathogenesis period. Secondary prevention measures leads to early diagnosis therefore treatment can be carried out promptly to prevent more severe pathogenesis. Tertiary prevention measures focus on the rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis, the role of tertiary prevention is to limit the affects of the pathogenesis has on individual’s lives (Cottrell et al 2002). A model is a framework used as a tool in health promotion to plan actions. Health behaviour is the focus of health promotion models, is to promote health successfully the models purpose is to promote a change in the individuals behaviours or to adopt new behaviours. Behaviours are modified by a number of internal and external factors, such as demographic variables e.g. gender, age, socio-psychological variables e.g. personality, social class and structural variables e.g. Knowledge about disease (Butler, 2001). There are numerous models used in health promotion but the author is going to concentrate on 3 of these models. The first model the author is going to look at is â€Å"The Health Belief Model† (HBM). The HBM is one the first behavioural change models to be developed; it is one of the most influential approaches to explaining health related behaviour. The HBM is a model of cognition, based on the predictors and precursors to health behaviours. Changes in behaviour are dependent on 5 factors – Perceived severity – cues to action, the belief that a health problem is serious. Perceived threat –  susceptibility, the belief that one is susceptible to a problem. Perceived benefit – the belief that changing one’s behaviour will reduce the threat. Perceived barriers – a perception of the obstacles/costs of changing one’s behaviour, self efficacy – the belief that one has the ability to change one’s behaviour (Butler, 2001). This model is most commonly utilised in primary and secondary preventions such as breast screening, testicular examination, cervical smears and the prostate cancer screening to name a few (Pender et al 2002). The second model the author is going to look at is the Transtheoretical Model. This model is also referred to as the Stages of Change Model. In this model behaviour change is viewed as a process which concentrates on the individual’s readiness to change. The difference with this specific model is that it is a cyclical process. Client’s often drop out of the interventions but may later re-enter where they left off or alternatively return to the initial stages. According to this model the are 5 stages of change: Pre-contemplation – not thinking about changing behaviour, Contemplation – thinking about changing behaviour in the near future, decision – making a plan to change behaviour, Maintenance – continuation of behaviour change. This model is most commonly associated with secondary prevention such as smoking, alcoholism, drugs abuse. Exercise and dietary change (Butler 2001). The third and final model the author is going to look at is the Dia gram of Reasoned Action (Appendix 1) which interlinks with the diagram of theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Appendix 2). The above models consist of attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms, intention and behaviour but the TBP also includes perceived behavioural control. The purpose of both of these frameworks is not to study behaviour itself but to study attitudes towards behaviours. These models are most commonly associated with primary and tertiary preventions, primary preventions such as immunisation, contraception and nutrition, tertiary preventions such as smoking cessation, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) Auto Immune Disease Syndrome (AIDS) (Cottrell, 2002). In the United Kingdom (UK) approximately 1 in 12 women will develop breast cancer at some time in their lives. There are 25,000 new cases and 15,000 deaths due to breast cancer annually; approximately one percent of breast cancer incidence occurs in  men. The main risk factors associated with breast cancer are as follows: Family history, increasing age, late menopause, first child after 30 years of age, nuliparity (no pregnancies), social class (this is the most significant risk factor), and geographical location (e.g. UK has higher mortality than Japan). Other factors which are under evaluation are, stress, high alcohol intake and high – fat diet. (Alexander et al 2000). The incidence of breast cancer in women very rarely falls below the age of 35 years, rates being to increase steadily from then, affecting over 300 of 100,000 of the population by the time women reach the age of 85 years. The greatest numbers of women are diagnosed between the ages of 45 and 65 years of age. Breast cancer in men is almost always detected beyond the age of 65 years (Alexander et al 2000). As a requirement of this health promotion essay the author h As chosen a breast awareness leaflet to critically analyse. When critically analysing a health promotion resource, there are 5 important points to consider: links – The material should contain obvious and direct links to the discussion, Intelligibility – The material Should be understandable and a reasonable learning resource, the use of complex language and over long sentences or statements should be avoided to maintain concentration, print size should be of a reasonable size to prevent audience squinting to read the text and the font also should be pick with care such as sans seril (e.g. Ariel) use of pictures and diagrams. Colours should also be appropriate to the subject e.g. discreet subject, plain neutral colours, should be chosen. General style – style of the material should remain consistent to avoid distractions. Highlighting – This is a useful way of emphasising important points. Some methods of highlighting are bold text, underlining, changing c olour of the text, shaded area of importance. Targeting – This is aiming at the target audience e.g. age, gender. In relation to the leaflet the author is going to critically analyse the leaflet using the 5 points above. : Links – All points of the discussion mentioned in the leaflet were relevant to breast awareness. Intelligility – simple language is used throughout the leaflet although sentences so tend to be long winded/ Print size is of a reasonably readable size, the fonts is reasonable and consistent, two pictures are included in the leaflets but the audience would have benefited  more from diagrams as the pictures were not self explanatory, the front cover is appealing to the eye (see Appendix) and relevant to the subject, the background is purple which fades in form the top to the bottom and the pink ribbon which is the motif for the breast cancer this make the leaflet automatically recognisable to a person who was looking for a leaflet on this topic, yet not necessarily noticed by someone who isn ’t. Breast awareness is printed in white, with fairly large print size and an acceptable if muted font. The front cover specifies the main purpose of the leaflet is to provide information and support; there is also a clear indication of who is promoting this learning resource. General style – The style and format of the leaflet is consistent from start to finish. Highlighting – Highlighting was used throughout the leaflet to determine headings and subheadings this was achieved by changing the print colour to purple. Shading was also used to highlight important points. Targeting – The target audience of this learning resource is women, although men are briefly mentioned. The author feels that the leaflet would most likely be targeting women from quite a young age as it is a precautionary action so the quicker adaptation to new behaviours are absorbed the earlier the individual becomes familiar the there own breast and what normal form them.

Free Essays on Relationship Between Phineas And Gene

Relationship between Phineas and Gene. A surrealistic environment, which the boys of Devon lived in, reflected Gene and Finny’s abstract and hopeless â€Å"friendship†. By approaching the piece of writing with an almost surgical technique, disserting its parts, eliminating the unneeded, and adding the ideas, that were needed to create an effective and interpretive novel, showed a true talent of novelist John Knowles. His thought of putting the atmosphere in the major place, and manipulating its weather, fauna, and fate of characters, explains its exact role in their lives. The tree, which represents the whole tone of the novel, which becomes of the great importance during the rising action of the plot, draws us closer to reality and presents the unthinkable. The nightly jump out of the tree becomes a source of smoldering resentment for Gene. He fears the jump, but fears losing Finny's respect even more, which leads to tension that he tries to suppress. This tension is evident when Finny stops Gene from falling out of the tree, practically saving his life, even though Gene feels no great gratitude toward that act. Finny is strongly individualistic and prizes the freedom to live by his own rules. Gene allows Finny to create rules for him. The idea of simply refusing to jump out of the tree never occurs to Gene, even though complying goes against his instincts. Unlike Gene and just about every other student at Devon, Finny does not see himself as competing against his classmates in everything he does. When Finny courageously puts forth a show of bare emotion in telling Gene he is his best friend, Gene knows he should return the sentiment, but he (like most Devon students) is not used to such emotional honesty and feels somewhat frightened by it. Something even deeper than the constraints of conventionality holds him back from replying to Finny. In retrospect, G... Free Essays on Relationship Between Phineas And Gene Free Essays on Relationship Between Phineas And Gene Relationship between Phineas and Gene. A surrealistic environment, which the boys of Devon lived in, reflected Gene and Finny’s abstract and hopeless â€Å"friendship†. By approaching the piece of writing with an almost surgical technique, disserting its parts, eliminating the unneeded, and adding the ideas, that were needed to create an effective and interpretive novel, showed a true talent of novelist John Knowles. His thought of putting the atmosphere in the major place, and manipulating its weather, fauna, and fate of characters, explains its exact role in their lives. The tree, which represents the whole tone of the novel, which becomes of the great importance during the rising action of the plot, draws us closer to reality and presents the unthinkable. The nightly jump out of the tree becomes a source of smoldering resentment for Gene. He fears the jump, but fears losing Finny's respect even more, which leads to tension that he tries to suppress. This tension is evident when Finny stops Gene from falling out of the tree, practically saving his life, even though Gene feels no great gratitude toward that act. Finny is strongly individualistic and prizes the freedom to live by his own rules. Gene allows Finny to create rules for him. The idea of simply refusing to jump out of the tree never occurs to Gene, even though complying goes against his instincts. Unlike Gene and just about every other student at Devon, Finny does not see himself as competing against his classmates in everything he does. When Finny courageously puts forth a show of bare emotion in telling Gene he is his best friend, Gene knows he should return the sentiment, but he (like most Devon students) is not used to such emotional honesty and feels somewhat frightened by it. Something even deeper than the constraints of conventionality holds him back from replying to Finny. In retrospect, G...

The Impact of the Fruits of the Spirit on Psychotherapy

The Impact of the Fruits of the Spirit on Psychotherapy Introduction It is very important for the Christian psychotherapists to have proper knowledge and understanding of the scriptures. The utilization of systematic theology offers the apparatuses that are required in giving guidance in the approach to understanding God’s character and His mission.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Fruits of the Spirit on Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employing this approach will serve as a basis for a functional working model for the counselors to engage in the suitable integration of faith and counseling in order to create hope and healing of man in all aspects of life (Clinton Hawkins, 2009). This paper is going to discuss the impact of the fruits of the Holy Spirit on psychotherapy. This is going to be discussion under three sections; theology, mission, and counseling. There will be a summary of the discussion in the conclusion sectio n. Theology In Christianity, it is assumed that human beings are created to relate to God. In the book of Psalms 41:1, this is regarded as the basic need where it is pointed out that â€Å"as the deer longs for flowing streams of water, so my soul longs for you, O God† (Fayard, 2006, p.10). It is suggest by the Psalmist, as well as Augustine that spirituality is a fundamental driving force that has clear psychological implications (Fayard, 2006). This implications as well give a reflection of a spirituality which is not just rational, but has anthropomorphic elements as well. Human beings are designed to thirst for their creator as a person, and God is willing to respond at all times (Grenz, 1994). This point of view is contradicted by those that for an amorphous spirituality or regard religion as â€Å"no more than a cultural narrative† (Joseph, 2003, p.14). Jesus pointed out that the greatest law is â€Å"Love your God with all your heart and wilh all your soul and with all your mind â€Å"and the second is â€Å"Love your neighbor as yourself† (Mathew chapter 22). It is stated in the Bible that God is love. According to the book of 1Corinthians13, Paul points out that any experience that has no love is useless. Love is as well looked at from of interpersonal and ethical point of view (Hodge, 1975). It is stated in the book of John, chapter 13 and verses 34 and 35 that â€Å"A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another†¦by this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another† (Fayard, 2006, p.11). Love tends to be the arranging rule of divine doings. In the present times, psychotherapy is dominated by either â€Å"the empirically supported protocols from Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy or by Eastern informed humanistic strategies† (Fayard, 2006, p.10). Within this context, boosting of the contexts of being loved and also loving is of significance. The re is a tendency among the Cognitivists to engage in overemphasizing a rationalist point of view, but on the other hand, there is a tendency for the humanists to put focus on a â€Å"self-referencing ethic† (Fayard, 2006, p, p.11).Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bergin (1980) points out that â€Å"values are an inevitable and almost omnipresent part of the therapeutic process† (Bergin, 1980, p.95). Evidence has been offered by the researches that have been conducted that the values of the therapist have an influence on every psychotherapy phase, encompassing the theories of the therapeutic change as well as personality, evaluation strategies, treatment goals, design and choosing of the interventions, and assessment of the outcomes of therapy (Grider, 1994; McCullough, 1999). The values of the therapist have influence on the patients, most of the time taking on their moral, religious values as well as health (Miller, 1999). In Christianity, there is an assumption of moral order which gives the reflection of the Creator’s image in the creature. The book of Exodus chapter 20 expresses the values that create boundaries: inner differentiation and â€Å"the regulation of interpersonal social adjustment that flow from a personal and collective ethic informed by love† (Fayard, 2006, p.11). The book of Galatians gives a reflection of the virtues at the heart of the values held by Christianity which include self control, love, goodness, gentleness, kindness, peace, faithfulness and joy, and embodied in the individual and Jesus Christ’s life (Fayard, 2006). Of greater importance is the assumption which is put forward in Christianity that the completeness of Imago Dei can only be a product of spiritual processes. It was pointed out by the creator of modern Adventism that culture, putting the will into effect, h uman endeavor, and educations have their appropriate field, but here they are ineffective. â€Å"They may produce an outward correctness of behaviors, but they can no change the heart†¦That power is Christ (White, 1892, p.11). This implies that the emphasis on values can just go as far with no clear understanding of grace as being a base. The Christian psychotherapists have to be faithful to the patient’ values and at the same time, they should have acknowledgement of the moral implications, relationships, and conduct. A large number of psychotherapists would concur with the virtues expressed as being the fruits of the Holy Spirit (Saunders, et al, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Fruits of the Spirit on Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Positive Psychology suggests the same listing (Peterson Seligman, 2004). The profession has been challenged by Doherty (1 996), to consider the moral challenges in a serious manner. Fayard (2006) suggested that Exodus 20 offers a significant compass in this line. Mission All through the Scripture, the main theme is the restoration of nations. In order for this mission to go on, there is a need for believers to possess the outpouring power of the Holy Spirit. This kind of power makes it possible for the believers to go out and serve as witnesses. The Holy Spirit provides discernment for one to be perceptive to all forms of the needs of the needy people. The mission Dei model requires one to be culturally competent. By one being a therapist and at the same time a minister, it is essential for him or her to have the understanding of various cultural limitations and strengths. This can be realized through sufficient training in cultural competency, referred to as Sue’s cultural competence. This training gives a highlight of the strengths, values and ethical guiding principles among other important c ultural information. All human beings are created in the image and likeness of God. Since all human beings are created in the image of God, which is not similar to any other thing He created, they have the duty to serve as His representatives and should also represent His interests and serve as His ambassadors for all creatures. By making human beings in His own image, He offers them a value. This is a respect that is given to all Human beings, and it is supposed to serve as the hand which Christians are in a position to use to reach out other people to show them God’s character through the acts of acceptance, as well as love (Wright, 2006). Therefore, it is imperative for the therapists to portray love and acceptance to their clients (Rogers, 1961). Being Christian counselors, these people are called not just to have recognition of this value, but they as well need to go a mile further to turning out to be God’s ambassadors to their clients to provide them with love, dignity and acceptance which are traced in the character of God (McMinn Campbell, 2007). The Imago Dei concept has two significant missiological implications. First, it illustrates the ability of human beings to fellowship with God. The other implication is that human beings are created with the ability to serve as God’s representatives (Vicedom, 1965). Even if the fall of man injured God’s fellowship with man, through the Imago Dei, it is possible to make a restoration of a man in order for him to fellowship with God (Hope, 1987).Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through Jesus’ redemptive sacrifice on the cross, the plan God has is to ensure restoration of all human beings to Himself. This can be clearly seen in the â€Å"Great Commission† as portrayed in the book of Mathew, Chapter 28 and verses 19 and 20, where Jesus makes a command to his disciples â€Å"to go into the entire world and make disciples from all nations†. Jesus Christ did not engage in ruling any person out as being incapable of being redeemed (Packer, 1973). The Creator made all human beings as male and female. He commissioned Human beings to have power over the entire creation. Among the ways in which an indication of this was given is Adam giving names to all animals. In the book of Genesis, chapter one and verse twenty eight, there is the establishment of the precedent to the writings of Paul that came later in book of 2 Corinthians chapter five and verse 20 in which it is taught that the Christians are to serves as ambassadors of God and should repr esent Him. It is also pointed out that all human beings were created to have equal qualifications to ensure this purpose is accomplished. Jews and Gentiles alike were offered the gift of the Holy Spirit in the book of Acts and have a common commission to set out to be God’s representatives to all nations. York (2000) pointed out that â€Å"God’s creation of humankind in His image establishes both the scope and agency of God’s mission†¦God’s mission will be to all peoples† (York, 2000, p.23). Cheong DiBlasio (2007) points out that â€Å"a Christian counseling perspective of love must emerge from an understanding of God’s character, redemptive work throughout history, and command to love† (p.14). God made a choice to reveal Himself in two different ways; a general way and a special way. Through the God’s revelation, human beings are in a position to see how the reconciliation as well as redemption are being played all throu gh the history and lives of human beings. Beginning from the time man felt short of the glory of God to this very moment and to the future, the plan of God has been and will always be in motion (Clinton, Hart Ohlschlager, 2005). Counseling The clearly seen form of integration of counseling and faith is found in the way the counselor behaves. However, this does not imply that the counselors who utilize the â€Å"Christian practices† possess integrated learning and faith† (Alexander, n.d, p.1). In simple terms, it may imply that they have done away with â€Å"their training altogether† (Alexander, n.d, p.1). Alexander (n.d) points out that: Prayer, use of the Bible, healing of the memories through inviting God into the situation, use of Christian symbols and ritual, deliverance, laying on of hands, and involvement in church life are all Biblically based practices which Christians might draw on in their counseling practice (Alexander, n.d, p.1). In a large number o f cases, such practices would be utilized only in those situations where clients were Christians and had permitted their use. Among the church counseling centers, there are those that may utilize these practices regularly, holding the belief that in case people come to Christian centers that are open, theyll have to have the willingness to accept a practice like this (Keating Fretz, 1990; Rose, et al, 2001). Indication would be given by professional training that would be always looking for permission for those practices that are not utilized willingly by the profession, and the Christians should draw a difference between â€Å"counseling† and â€Å"ministry† as being a part of the care duty. According to Tan (1996), â€Å"if the client shows no interest at all in religion or spiritual issues, then the therapist has to respect the client’s preferences† (Tan, 1996, p.370). A large number of Christian counselors have received subjective evidence of practic es that are apparently â€Å"disrespectful of uninformed clients and which amount to spiritual abuse when used without explanation or choice being given† (Alexander, n.d, p.2). A suggestion of three ethical guidelines is given by Nelson and Wilson (1984). The first guideline is in relation to when handling clinical problems that will be assisted by religious or spiritual intervention. The second is if they are operating in the belief system of the person him or herself and the third is, if they have keenly defined the counseling agreement to encompass these resources or practices. Then, having these practices integrated would call for the counselor to think through his or her beliefs in regard to the person’s nature, the healing process and the disease nature. The counselor is supposed to be in a position to carry out the articulation of their position on all of these areas and therefore give good reason for their use of any practice they take up (Martin, 2000). For in stance, in case a counselor holds a belief that healing originates from the renewal of the mind, shifting of the usual thought patterns, and brings together with a cognitive behavioral understanding theoretical context, they would be fully in line with â€Å"helping a self-identified Christian client recognize unbiblical thought patterns and replace these with verses which fit with the context of Biblical thinking as a whole – for example, an understanding of grace and God’s acceptance† (Alexander, n.d, p.1). Another counselor who holds a belief that the larger portion of adult behavior is brought about by childhood neglect issues has a high likelihood to â€Å"draw on a psychodynamic understanding of attachment and to use inner healing, relating to helping the client find God as the longed-for parent† (Alexander, n.d, p2). They may come to an agreement to pray together and make a request to the Holy Spirit to give the revelation of keys to healing. This as well, is a theological and theoretical understanding integration. As on the one hand, these theoretical positions and practices may contradict one another, but on the other hand, they are confirmation of integration of faith, as well counseling and clear practice (Bartz, 2009). The counselors are supposed to engage in thinking through whatever Christian practices are and get the understanding of the way they are connected to the theoretical as well as theological beliefs they hold. It is also imperative that they become aware of the way they give the explanation to these practices and the way to ask for permission for their utilization with the clients. In this regard, it can be pointed out that it is very important to have recognition of the breadth of Christian practice and theology. A member of the Anglican Church may prefer using a crucifix in the course of counseling and be comfortable with this but on the other hand, he or she may be afraid of the inviting the Holy Spirit. However, a member of the Pentecostal Church may have a different feeling (Clinton Hawkins, 2009). It is very vital that counselors make no assumptions that since a person is a Christian, he/she is willing to accept whatever practice the counselor may be aware of. Those practices suit their â€Å"particular church experience† (Alexander, n.d, p.2). Among the Christians, there are those who may engage in counseling without mentioning the name of God at all, and still be â€Å"Jesus† to the people they are counseling. Moreover, there are those that may continually, and with awareness, follow the guidance of the Holy Spirit in a situation in which they can reveal what they are actually undertaking (Tan Gregg, 1997; Collins, 2007). An important portion of integration is the â€Å"own being† of the counselors, their personal integrity, as well as their spiritual growth. Conclusion The fruits of the Holy Spirit have several impacts on psychology. It is very import fo r the Christian psychotherapists to understand the scriptures well, in order for them to help in counseling people who may need their assistance. Christianity makes an assumption that human beings are created to relate to God. Christian psychotherapists have to be faithful to the patients’ values and, at the same time, they should acknowledge the moral implications, relationships and conduct, being aware that all human beings are made in the image of God. The dominating theme in the scriptures is the restoration of nations. In order for this mission to go on, there is the need for believers to possess the outpouring power of the Holy Spirit. There is need for the counselors to follow the guidance of the Holy Spirit in situations in which they can reveal to their clients what they are undertaking (Tan, 1997; Collins, 2007) in the process of counseling. They need to integrate faith and psychotherapy and the important portion of integration is the â€Å"own being† of the counselors, their personal integrity, as well as their spiritual growth. References Alexander, I. (n.d). Integration in the practice of Christian counselors. Web. Bartz, J. D. (2009). Theistic existential psychotherapy. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1(2), 69-80. Bergin, A. (1980). Psychotherapy and religious values. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 48 (1), 95-105. Cheong, R. DiBlasio, F. (2007). Christ-love and forgiveness: A biblical foundation for counseling practice. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 26(1), 14-25. Web. Clinton, T., Hart, A., Ohlschlager, G. (2005). Caring for people God’s way: Personal and emotional issues, addictions, grief, and trauma. Nashville, TN: Nelson Reference Electornic. Clinton, T. Hawkins, R. (2009). The quick-reference guide to biblical counseling: Personal and emotional issues. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Collins, G. (2007). Christian counseling: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). Nashville, TN: Thomas Nels on. Fayard, C. (2006). Christianity and psychotherapy: Clinical implications from a Seventh-Day Adventist biblical anthropology. Web. Grenz, S. J. (1994).Theology for the community of God. Nashville, TN: Broadman Holman Publishers. Grider, J. K. (1994). A Wesleyan-Holiness Theology. Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press. Hodge, C. (1975). Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. Hope, D. (1987). The healing paradox of forgiveness. Psychotherapy, 24(2), 240-244. Joseph, R. (2003). Neurotheology, Brain, Science, Spirituality, Religious Experience. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Keating, A. Fretz, B. (1990). Christians’ anticipations about counselors in response to counselor descriptions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(3), 293-296. Martin, D. (2000). Counseling and therapy skills (2nd ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc. McCullough, M. (1999). Research on religion-accommodative counseling: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psycholo gy, 46(1), 92-98. McMinn, M., Campbell, C. (2007). Integrative psychotherapy: Toward a comprehensive Christian approach. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. Miller, W. (1999) Integrating Spirituality into Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press. Nelson, A. A. Wilson, W. P. (1984). The ethics of sharing religious faith in psychotherapy. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 12 (1), 1523. Packer, J. I. (1973). Knowing God. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. Peterson, C. Seligman, M. (2004) Character Strengths and Virtues. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rose, E. M., Westefeld, J. S., Ansley, T. N. (2001). Spiritual issues in counseling: Client’s beliefs and preferences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(1), 61-71. Saunders, S. M., Miller, M. L., Bright, M. M. (2010). Spiritually conscious psychological care. Professional Psychology: Research and Pr actice, 41(5), 355-362. Tan, S. Gregg, D. (1997). Disciplines of the Holy Spirit: How to connect to the Spirit’s power and presence. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Tan, S. (1996). â€Å"Religion in clinical practice: Implicit and explicit integration†. in E. P. Shafranske (ed). Religion and the Clinical Practice of Psychology. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association. Vicedom, G. F. (1965) The Mission of God: An Introduction to a Theology of Mission. Trans. Gilbert A. Thiele and Dennis Hilgendorf. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. White, E. (1892). El Camino a Cristo. Paris, France: Aires, Asociacià ³n Casa Editora Sudamericana. Wright, C. H. (2006) The Mission of God: Unlocking the Bible’s Grand Narrative. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. York, J.V. (2000). Missions in the age of the Spirit. Springfield, MO: Logion Press.

Thesis Writing Tips

Thesis Writing Tips Thesis Writing Tips Thesis Writing Tips: Yours Personal Guide. Before you start writing your thesis you should read some tips and some information about thesis. What is thesis? A thesis or dissertation is a document performed by students for a degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and discoveries. In some universities, the word thesis is used as part of a bachelor's or master's course. Thesis is an academic standard procedure. Thesis Writing Tips: Thesis Importance. If you are a student, thesis writing is a very important sphere in your learning life because your passing the course depends on it. Therefore, you should be concentrated during the work on your thesis. You can write a thesis for a couple reasons: if you need to write it to get a degree, if you need extra credit to enter a higher educational institution, because you want to become familiar with serious scientific researches, or if you are really into these researches. It is does not matter what the rea son, is the start point for your long, difficult but exciting work! Thesis Writing Tips: The Basic Steps in Researching and Writing. Before you start writing a thesis, you should read this small but very useful paragraph. It contains all necessary statements that you need to write a good quality thesis. Do not ignore it! First of all you need to have full understanding of the thesis and its challenges. Choose a thesis topic that is focused. This is a crucial step. Try to develop understanding about the structural writing various phases of thesis. Receive all the necessary approvals for your thesis topic. Do not forget about planning. Good planning and project management make a significant difference in how difficult your thesis is to complete and how long it takes. Try to follow the thesis format. Check out hypothesis/ thesis statement/objectives. This is the basic element in the thesis. Try to write the thesis abstract with full of care, avoid hurry in everything. Maintain links between the chapters and logical relations between various sections Note all the literature you use. Build your bibliography. Try to think accurately before making outline for the thesis. Learn correct punctuation because incorrect/no punctuation can cause great difficulties in reading. Be correct with active or passive voices usage. Never ignore the value of diagrams, graphs, charts, tables. Check them. Find out and correct the errors of table of contents, bibliography, and index. The conclusions must provide solutions of the raised issue rather than an abrupt end; how to write a thesis is not difficult after knowing all these. Do not forget to edit your work. Thesis Writing Tips: Resume. Writing a thesis is a very responsible work. It affects your future and your career in a particular! So do not be in a hurry. We wish you luck in passing!

Queen Anne Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Queen Anne Style - Essay Example This offers various means of designing the inside of the house, enabling different shapes of rooms and corners to present a rather complicated but purposeful form. The steep roofs common in Queen Anne homes give the Victorian touch, giving a sense of antiquity which to me symbolizes wealth. Probably, what make the style so attractive are its ornamental spindles and brackets that give off a romantic ambiance to the home, making it simply a welcoming place to stay in. The beauty in the aforementioned parts of the house reflects the strength and artistic design of an era that survived until the modern age because of its value not only historically but aesthetically as well. Having a touch of Queen Anne in my dream house may give the magical sense of being in another age, near famous people who built this modern world with their wisdom and artistry. For the centuries that the style survived, it only shows the immortality of such art and I wish to be a part of those who preserve such beauty in my

Compare and Contrast between Saudi Arabia and USA Essay

Compare and Contrast between Saudi Arabia and USA - Essay Example In the education system, there are similarities and equal differences between America and Saudi Arabia. Indeed, the similarities manifest in freedom to choose institutions of learning, governments spending and provision of education for all including those with special needs. The differences manifest in literacy levels, stages of education, gender roles, role of religion, and attitude towards education. In fact, in both countries, education is a major priority and as such both governments allocates huge resources to the education sector. To this extent, both governments finances general education for both boys and girls, accords financial assistance to needy students and offers free post-secondary education to all. At the same time, both governments provide many learning institutions that are well equipped to allow for specialization and high quality education (Sedgwick, 2008). In addition, students in both countries are at liberty to choose the school or universities where they can join public, private, or home school. Furthermore, both countries create an enabling and competitive environment for the provision of education to students with special needs. ... In fact, in both countries, education is a major priority and as such both governments allocates huge resources to the education sector. To this extent, both governments finances general education for both boys and girls, accords financial assistance to needy students and offers free post-secondary education to all. At the same time, both governments provide many learning institutions that are well equipped to allow for specialization and high quality education (Sedgwick, 2008). In addition, students in both countries are at liberty to choose the school or universities where they can join public, private, or home school. Furthermore, both countries create an enabling and competitive environment for the provision of education to students with special needs. Nevertheless, there are huge disparities in the running of education systems between the two nations. Indeed, the level of attitude towards education varies in that while in America education attendance is mandatory, education atte ndance is a matter of choice in Saudi Arabia. Actually, education is uniform at primary and secondary levels.  In addition, the aspect of religion plays part in Saudi Arabian education system and has no effect in American education system. Actually, education in Saudi Arabia relates with religion where the school curriculum follows sharia law and Qur'an teachings. The issue of gender brings a huge difference between the two education systems. Saudi Arabia practices sex segregation according to sharia law thus offering single-sex schools while America offers multi-sex schools (U.S. Network for Education Information, 2001). Uniquely is the fact that though education is universal for both genders in America giving

The role of the RN in the Rehabilitation Facility Essay

The role of the RN in the Rehabilitation Facility - Essay Example Rehabilitation is a complex process aimed towards the achievement of a quality life; thus, providers of care in the rehabilitation facilities (such as the nurse) must be knowledgeable, competent, and skillful in rendering rehabilitative care. Registered nurses play an important role in the rehabilitation facilities and are considered as important members of the rehabilitation team. Often, nurses in the rehabilitation team collaborate with the physicians, psychiatrists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, recreational therapists, speech-language therapists, psychologists, spiritual advisors, social workers, vocational councilors, orthotists or prosthetists, and sex councilors. With a number of professionals to which the nurse collaborates, a nurse in the rehabilitation facility must have excellent communication skills and knowledge of each scope of practice. In addition, nurses assume an equal role with other professionals in the rehabilitation process but usually take the m ost critical roles in the provision of rehabilitative care. Jester (2007) stated that the nurses’ roles in the rehabilitation facilities include three main components, among of which are: general maintenance, specialist, and carry-on role (p. 14-15). The nurse’s role in general maintenance includes overall ward management and maintenance of patient’s physical well-being such as nutrition, hygiene, and skin care. The nurse as a specialist in a rehabilitation facility has an inherent degree of expertise in specific areas of rehabilitation such as orthopedic rehabilitation, geriatric rehabilitation, or substance abuse rehabilitation. Lastly, nurses in the rehabilitation facilities also perform the carry-on-role or the role of the nurse to maintain the progress made by other professionals such as the physician (e.g., the nurse is responsible for monitoring the WBC levels of patients being prescribed with Clozapine). In addition to the performance of carry-on-role is the 24-hour-a-day/7-days-a-week role of the nurse in supervision and continuing practice of what the patients learned from other professionals (Squires & Hastings, 2002, 219). The main goal of rehabilitation is to return the individual to the highest level of independence by maximizing function and minimizing disabilities (Flanagan, Zaretsky & Moroz, 2011, 354). To achieve this goal, nurse rehabilitation professionals are commonly asked to evaluate and participate in the treatment of the patients. Thus, a nurse’s role in the rehabilitation facilities does not only centers on the provision of care but also on engaging to the planning and implementation of rehabilitation programs. The role of the nurse in the nurse in the rehabilitation settings is still underdeveloped and too general to identify by other professional groups, patients, and families. Nurses in the rehabilitation facilities are still struggling to make their roles specific and be recognized. Among the reasons de rived from literatures why nurses’ roles in rehabilitation facilities is underdeveloped include lack of specific educational programs for post-registration nurses, organizational difficulties and funding, professional tribalism and turf wars between nurses and therapists, and role confusion (Jester, 2007,16). Nurses have to be competent in order to render an effective rehabilitative care; likewise, the federal government and the organization to which nurses belong also have the responsibility of equipping the nurses with adequate knowledge and skills preparation in the form of

Paraphrasing lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paraphrasing lab report - Essay Example These values would allow clear differentiation as they are both known and largely differ with methyl salicylate melting at approximately -8 Â °C and pure salicylic acid at 159 Â °C. The melting point of the product was found to be approximately 160Â °C. Other parameters that were also assessed include the Rf of the substance which was found to be (0.35), as compared to the known Rf and co spot of methyl salicylate (0.75) and pure salicylic acid which is (0.33). In addition, the percent yield was determined to be 93,7%. In summation, the product was confirmed to be salicylic acid and not methyl salicylate due to the values obtained from the TLC tests and melting point. 2. The experimental data illustrated that the purified product has a melting point range of 157-161 Â °C; in addition, pure salicylic acid has a known melting point of 159 Â °C; as opposed to that of methyl salicylate which is -8 to -7 Â °C. The experimental data further illustrated that the melting point of the s ubstance was within the range of 159 Â °C Therefore, the known melting point of salicylic acid is 159 Â °C and it is in close range with that obtained in the experiment of 157-161 Â °C hence concluding that the purified product derived in the experiment was salicylic acid. ... In addition, the product obtained in the experiment is in a similar location to that salicylic acid in the xo spot. Therefore, the values obtained in the TLC and melting point experiments were substantial in concluding the product was salicylic acid not methyl salicylate. The data obtained in the experiments also illustrated that the experiment design was appropriate and the procedure was ideal as the results showed that the production of salicylic acid was successful due to the correlation between the experimental values of the product and the known melting points and Rf co spot values for salicylic acid. This also showed the purity level of the product as it was within the range of pure salicylic acid; hence showing the majority of the impurities had been alleviated from the final product in the recrystallization process. The percentage yield data gives an indication of the reaction and the amount of the product that is practically possible to obtain and isolate. The experiment had a good percentage yield of approximately 93,7% indicating that 6,3% of the product was lost during recrystallization and removal of impurities and vacuum faltering. Table 2. Rf values Compound Distance of Compound movement (cm) Distance of mobile phase movement (cm) Rf Pure salicylic acid 1.7 5.1 0.33 Product 1.8 5.1 0.35 Co-spot 1.7 5.1 0.33 Methyl salicylate 3.8 5.1 0.75 Figure 4. TLC plate 3. In the stationery phase the polarity of the compound determines the Rf value. Hence, salicylic acid will have the lowest Rf value as it has the highest polarity compared to silica gel which is also very polar, resulting in both compounds sticking together. However, non polar compounds such as

Animal testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Animal testing - Essay Example The same government that recommended safety medical test using animals has now provided a contradictory law against animal use in the scientific experiments. Animal rights activists and ecologists have ganged up to protect the welfare of animals by all means. After experiencing the suffering of a frog during a dissection practice lesson in high school, the urge to re-evaluate the consequences of animal testing was unavoidable. The hypothesis of this paper is that animal testing is an unethical practice that should be replaced with alternative medical research procedures. Activists such as Abbot have commended the efforts of the European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods that will liberate animals from their current burden. By taking a multi-point view, this essay aims at evaluating the pros and cons of animal testing from a neutral ground to expose in black and white the nature of this procedure. Consequently, the readers of this paper will experience an unbiased conclusio n based on the real matters in the animal research practice. Animal Testing in Medical Research My concern for animal testing started right from my high school experience when the anatomy class was required, as part of the curriculum, to dissect a frog and analyze it. I could not figure out the reason for the excitement that the anatomy students displayed throughout the whole experience. I was keen to observe the discomfort of the frog during the dissection process and I realized that animals too, just like human beings, are sensitive to pain. When the entire process was complete, it was the happiness of every student to finally relieve the frog from this torture. Later, I came to learn that the procedure of dissecting a frog was conducted for every anatomy class, not only in my high school, but in most other institutions in the world. In addition, I learnt that animals have been used for a long time not only for dissection but also as test subjects for almost every medicine that hu man beings consume today. This experience of frog dissection in high school has a direct connection with the widespread practice of animal testing that has all along seen animals under experimentation. Although animal experimentation has its own benefits in the medical sector, it is a great source of animal suffering, which should also be a concern for any civilized nation. The complexity of this situation can only be resolved if various dimensions of this issue are carefully evaluated. Animal experimentation is a scientific procedure that has grown slowly but consistently since the evolution of scientific research. The underlying fact is that physiologists in the 17th century saw animal research as a new platform to advance the biological and medical knowledge. This scientific procedure emerged when the scientists identified unique similarity between the toxicology effects of drugs in both humans and animals. Rowan, a writer of the scientist magazine, points out that although the d egree of the effects varied in the two species, scientists found that these differences were minimal and could not hinder the adoption of this procedure. Their concern was to find a testing method that would provide empirical and statistical evidence without subjecting human beings to any harm. The argument was that the human species have the highest priority when it comes to medical research. In these

Digital Literacies and Teenagers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Digital Literacies and Teenagers - Essay Example Internet plays a major role in the lives of adults and teenagers alike and the significance of the internet in a teenager's life increases with every day. Teenagers use internet in numerous ways. Internet and digital devices serve as a main source of entertainment to the teenagers. The need for internet becomes vital as long as there is a need for getting faster and in-depth information. The progressively growing internet and computers has become mandatory for teenagers in day to day life. Educators need to keep this in mind and give them a â€Å"head-start† (Thelen par.6) in school. Digital devices are a rage among young people today. Tablets, laptops and smart phones top the teen’s wish lists. MP3 players and other digital gadgets like play stations, palm tops are also widely used by many of today’s students. Digital literacy is a must for the present day teenagers. It is the wave of the future. Today's teenagers will be tomorrow's leaders and working members o f the society. Teenagers who do not have digital literacy will find themselves far behind in the future. Activities of Teenagers on the Internet A new â€Å"Pew Internet Project† survey reveals â€Å"that 93% of teenagers 12?17 go online† (Teen and Young Adult Internet Use. par.1). The frequent activity on the internet by teenagers is the use of social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. Estimates suggest that â€Å"73%† of teens have â€Å"profiles on social networking sites† (How are Online Issues Affecting Children? Par.7). Social networking sites are forums where information can be posted, shared and uploaded. Teens use these sites to chat with their friends all over the world. Similarly, every teenager with access to computers has an e-mail account. E-mails make communication easier. Commercial sites are used to buy things online, such as books, clothing, or music. To have a video chat conversation with other people chatting tools like Skype and Google Talk etc are used by teenagers. Internet is also used by teens to gather information about â€Å"health, dieting, physical fitness information† (Trends Data (Teens) Par.1) for homework and assignments. Teenagers use internet also to publish journals, articles and research papers. Movies, games and songs are downloaded easily using the internet. Teens also use internet to play online games and watch movies online, using YouTube. Cell phone is the other major characteristic of the present day. It is estimated that â€Å"75% of teens have cell phones† (How are Online Issues Affecting Children? Par.7). Smart phones, which have GPS tracking enable the parents to know the whereabouts of their teens. â€Å"58% of teenagers send â€Å"Instant Messages (IM) or text messages using the site† (Facts and statistics on Teens and Technology par. 3). The student’s curiosity to gather and know more information is quenched by popular search engines like Google, AskJeevs etc. Digital readers and other devices reduce the need for carrying heavy books and notebooks to schools and colleges. Data stored on a computer as reports and assignments can easily be manipulated into a number of different formats, making it easier to study. Communicating and downloading content are two primary uses of the

Animal testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Animal testing - Essay Example The same government that recommended safety medical test using animals has now provided a contradictory law against animal use in the scientific experiments. Animal rights activists and ecologists have ganged up to protect the welfare of animals by all means. After experiencing the suffering of a frog during a dissection practice lesson in high school, the urge to re-evaluate the consequences of animal testing was unavoidable. The hypothesis of this paper is that animal testing is an unethical practice that should be replaced with alternative medical research procedures. Activists such as Abbot have commended the efforts of the European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods that will liberate animals from their current burden. By taking a multi-point view, this essay aims at evaluating the pros and cons of animal testing from a neutral ground to expose in black and white the nature of this procedure. Consequently, the readers of this paper will experience an unbiased conclusio n based on the real matters in the animal research practice. Animal Testing in Medical Research My concern for animal testing started right from my high school experience when the anatomy class was required, as part of the curriculum, to dissect a frog and analyze it. I could not figure out the reason for the excitement that the anatomy students displayed throughout the whole experience. I was keen to observe the discomfort of the frog during the dissection process and I realized that animals too, just like human beings, are sensitive to pain. When the entire process was complete, it was the happiness of every student to finally relieve the frog from this torture. Later, I came to learn that the procedure of dissecting a frog was conducted for every anatomy class, not only in my high school, but in most other institutions in the world. In addition, I learnt that animals have been used for a long time not only for dissection but also as test subjects for almost every medicine that hu man beings consume today. This experience of frog dissection in high school has a direct connection with the widespread practice of animal testing that has all along seen animals under experimentation. Although animal experimentation has its own benefits in the medical sector, it is a great source of animal suffering, which should also be a concern for any civilized nation. The complexity of this situation can only be resolved if various dimensions of this issue are carefully evaluated. Animal experimentation is a scientific procedure that has grown slowly but consistently since the evolution of scientific research. The underlying fact is that physiologists in the 17th century saw animal research as a new platform to advance the biological and medical knowledge. This scientific procedure emerged when the scientists identified unique similarity between the toxicology effects of drugs in both humans and animals. Rowan, a writer of the scientist magazine, points out that although the d egree of the effects varied in the two species, scientists found that these differences were minimal and could not hinder the adoption of this procedure. Their concern was to find a testing method that would provide empirical and statistical evidence without subjecting human beings to any harm. The argument was that the human species have the highest priority when it comes to medical research. In these

Disneyland Paris & Legoland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Disneyland Paris & Legoland - Essay Example Visitor attractions can easily be considered as one of the main economical and social matters in the world today, and this is speaking of theme parks especially particularly; Disneyland Paris and Legoland are two of the most recognized and well known theme parks in the world, and so in order to be able to understand the purpose and reasoning behind theme parks in general, as well as how these two in particular work and what they are all about, there are several questions in particular that need to be answered fully and thoroughly: 1.What is the historical development of Disneyland Paris and Legoland? 2What is the range of current position in the field for Disneyland Paris and Legoland? 3.How does the management and ownership and levels of provision work in Disneyland Paris and Legoland? 4.What is the market for theme parks in general and what is its potential for expansion as a market? 5.What are the key operational management issues? 6.What are some present and future trends and oth er key related issues that are involved here? By thoroughly and rather elaborately answering these questions, we will not only be able to come to a much more knowledgeable and understanding viewpoint on the subject matter at hand altogether, but as well, we will be able to understand theme parks as a whole in general, and furthermore, we will be able to see how they actually work, what type of market they refer to, what the issues are if any, and what trends are in relation to them

David M’Naughten Essay Example for Free

David M’Naughten Essay David M’Naughten hails from Scotland. He earn his living by being a wood cutter. He hardly can make both ends meet and develop hatred to the Prime Minister of Great Britain in the year 1843. To M’Naughten, the Prime Minister was the cause of his personal and financial sufferings due to the failure of the former to run the British government well. In an attempt to get even with the Prime Minister, M’Naughten attempted to kill the leader. M’Naughten was not successful because his ploy was thwarted by the secretary of the Prime Minister and instead killed the secretary and afterwards attempted to murder the Prime Minister. During the trial, nine witnesses testified that M’Naughten was an insane and the jury acquitted him, finding him â€Å" not guilty by reason of insanity † ( pbs. org. n. d. The Right/Wrong M’Naughten Test†. Paragraph 1) Reporter Bill Mears of CNN Washington in 2006 reported â€Å"There was little doubt that Eric Clark, then 17, shot and killed a police officer six years ago in Flagstaff, Arizona. And prosecutors and defense attorneys agreed that the killer had some degree of mental illness he was a diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic who believed he was being constantly watched by aliens from outer space†. â€Å"Teen shot and killed police officer he thought was an alien†, 1st paragraph). Eric Clark believe that the police who accosted him was an alien from outer space who came here to get him, and so, Eric shot and killed him. Eric was found guilty of first degree murder three years after the fatal shooting. Eric defense lawyers entered a plea of not guilty due to insanity. It took three years of deliberation by Arizona court whether Erick will be jailed or sent to mental rehabilitation center while serving the sentence. The court Arizona court ruled Eric to languish in jail for life. Based from the two court decisions just mentioned, it appears that there is sort of disagreement among the different U. S. legal courts as to the legal definition of insanity and its acceptance as legal defense in court. This essay will trace the development of insanity as legal defense from its origin up to what it is in today’s legal battle. Evolution of insanity defense As early as 1581, insanity defense has been well considered in Anglo-American law and a legal treatise was enacted saying that â€Å"If a madman or a natural fool, or a lunatic in the time of his unacy do [kill a man], this is no felonious act for they cannot be said to have any understanding will â€Å" ( pbs. org. n. d. â€Å"A Brief History of Insanity Defense†, paragraph 3 ). There was no available record of court proceeding from the date of treatise enactment up to 17th century. Three hundred years later, the British court elaborated the treatise and gave rise to the â€Å"wild beast test† ( 4th paragraph ) which emphasized that â€Å"If a defendant was so bereft of sanity that he understood the ramifications of his behavior no more than in an infant, a brute, or a wild beast, he would not be eld responsible for his crimes ( 4th paragraph). In other words, if the defendant lacks sanity and cannot comprehend the outcome of what he did, as his ( defendant) mind is that of infant or a wild animal, then the defendant is not liable for the crime committed. The codification of this British â€Å" wild beast test† was put at stake in 1843, in the case of David M’Naughten as outlined in our introduction. Queen Victoria was not impressed with the decision of the court and requested a review of the case with a panel of judges. The resulting decision was â€Å"that a defendant should not be eld responsible for his actions if he could not tell that his actions were wrong at the time he committed them â€Å" (The Right/Wrong M’Naughten Test†. Paragraph 3). This was also mentioned in the research of Chiacchia ( 2001) and law. jrank org. n. d. ) This became the basis of the insanity defense in England and adopted by American courts and legislatures for more than 100 years without any modification. Up to 1998, 25 states including the District of Columbia adopted this Right/Wrong M’Naughten Test†. According to legal critics, the M’Naughten test has one major rawback. While the rule focus on the ability to distinguish right from wrong (which is cognitive in nature), it failed to consider the unstoppable desire that was the dominant feeling before and during the consummation of the crime. This resulted to modification of the M’Naughten rule by adding a provision called irresistible impulse ( â€Å"Irresistible impulse†, 1st paragraph). The added provision in effect will absolve a defendant who can distinguish between right and wrong but unable to stop the crime due to his uncontrollable desire to consummate it to get even with the victim. A number of tates adopted the M’Naughten modification and coined another name as â€Å" policemen in the elbow test† (1st paragraph). The name clearly highlight the intense desire to consummate the crime as even if there is police authority around to witness, the defendant will do it. In 1950, advances in psychiatry and psychology as a science was very noticeable. In the light of the advances, legal critics saw the M’Naughten rule as too rigid and antiquated. In 1954, an appellate court discarded the M’Naughten and â€Å" irresistible impulse â€Å" test in favor of a more scientific and medically based insanity test. This became the basis of the Durnham â€Å" Mental Defect† rule. In Durnham v. United States, The U. S. Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia ruled that a defendant is not guilty † if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect. (â€Å" The rise and fall of the Durnham â€Å"Mental Defect† rule, 1st paragraph). The decision was considered as within the demand of the times and a major breakthrough in American legal system as it exemplify the replacement of moral considerations with a more neutral and scientific evidences reflective of the advances of psychiatry and psychology ( â€Å" The rise and fall of the Durnham Mental Defect† rule). Legal experts claim that the Durnham rule is vague and difficult to apply. According to the experts, the term â€Å"mental defect† is very broad and they were concerned that due to its vagueness, more and more defendants will be acquitted than before. The confusion arises over the interpretation of â€Å" mental disease or defect† clause. Will mental defect mean only psychosis or any of the minor mental disorder found in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM). Critics were concerned of the possibility that defendants will use alcoholism and other ental disorder with antisocial behavioral symptoms as defense of their crimes. Also, it is not clear where the burden of proof is; that is whether it’s up for the court to determine the mental defect or the burden lies with the defendant and the psychiatrist as professional witness. Another disagreement is that the Durham test inadvertently grant too much influence to the psychiatrist and psychologist as to the result of the court trial. Twenty two states rejected the Durham test in 1972 and a panel of judges considered the Model Penal Code Test of the American Law Institute ( A. L. I. as eplacement (pbs. org. n. d. ). The A. L. I. standard is intended to soften the M’Naughten with the â€Å"irresistible impulse† by introduction of medical and psychiatric evidence requirement. The A. L. I. standard, rule â€Å"that a defendant will not be held criminally responsible if at the time of the behavior in question as a result of a mental disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. (pbs. org. n. d.  A Brief History of Insanity Defense, â€Å"The A. L. I. Standard†, 1st paragraph). In ddition to requiring the defendant to show proof that at the time of the consummation of the crime, there is absolutely no understanding as to the nature of the act ( as in M’Naughten test), a certification from a psychiatrist or psychologist is needed to attest to the fact that the defendant lack â€Å" substantial capacity† ( paragraph 2, line 4 ) to understand the right f rom wrong together with the irresistible impulse consideration. Under the A. L. I. tandard, the act of serial killers whose mental defect manifests only during the act of killing and shows normal mental behavior before and after he consummation of the act can lead to his/her conviction. In 1998, 22 states used the A. L. I. rule while 26 used the M’Naughten version regardless of the irresistible impulse clause. It is also provided in the A. L. I. standard, the provision for due process and equal protection concerns for those who were acquitted by reason of insanity for automatic and indefinite confinement to assess and treat their mental disorder and check their dangerousness potential to society periodically. If found during the evaluation that further confinement is no longer needed, then the defendant can be eleased. By early 1980’s all state legislatures except for 10 has reformed their laws incorporating the provision for periodic review. In 1981, a test for stability of the A. L. I. standard ensued. John Hinckley, Jr. , a Washington police officer and secret service agent shot then U. S. President Ronald Reagan and his press secretary James Brady. Hinckley claimed during the trial the following: that he was trying to impress the actress Jodie Foster, with whom he was infatuated. He later described the incident in a letter to The New York Times as the greatest love offering in the history of the world. At one time Miss Foster was a star and I was the insignificant fan. Now everything is changed. I am Napoleon and she is Josephine. I am Romeo and she is Juliet (pbs. org. n. d. A Brief History of Insanity Defense, â€Å"After Hinckley† , 1st paragraph). Hinckley was acquitted by the jury of 13 assault, murder and weapon counts and moreover, ruling him not guilty by reason of insanity. This resulted to a great American public uproar that call for thorough review of the insanity defense strategy and plugging loopholes in the justice system that allows an obviously guilty man to escape punishment. Senator Dan Quayle claimed that the insanity efense allowed pampering of criminals by allowing them to kill without conscience. The psychiatric and legal professional group called for the modification instead of total abolition of the insanity defense resulting to legislation called â€Å" The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984† ( 3rd paragraph). The act is a stricter version of the M’Naughten rule. The Cornell University Law School in 2006 released the following information related to a more stricter version ( article 17, Insanity defense, U. S. Code Collection, 1st paragraph) (a) Affirmative Defense. — It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution under any Federal statute that, at the time of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the defendant, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his acts. Mental disease or defect does not otherwise constitute a defense. (b) Burden of Proof. — The defendant has the burden of proving the defense of insanity by clear and convincing evidence The burden of proof now is with the defendant and not with the prosecution. The defendant in order to qualify for the insanity defense must show proof that the disorder is severe. The volitional test that excused a defendant who lacked the capacity to fight the â€Å" irresistible impulse† was eliminated, in effect going back to the M’Naughten â€Å" right/wrong â€Å" standard of the 19th century. The influence of psychiatric testimony was effectively limited and more stricter procedure on hospitalization and release of those acquitted was put into effect. Thirty states adopted â€Å"The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 † while the three states of Montana, Utah and Idaho abolished completely the insanity defense strategy. In the year 2000, a provision to â€Å"The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 † was enacted nd 20 states instituted it. The provision is called â€Å" Guilty But Mentally Ill â€Å" or GBRI ( Chiacchia. 2006. Insanity defense, â€Å" Guilty but mentally ill†, 1st paragraph, line 2. ). Under the GBRI, the defendant can be sentenced guilty although he is legally insane. The convicted will be jailed and his mental illness will be checked by the government periodically. The criticism of GBRI lies on the fact that very few jail institution can actually look at the mental state of the convicted insane. Examining the success of using the insanity defense in this modern time, Chiacchia ( 2001 ) eported ( â€Å" Insanity defense statistics, 2nd paragraph) that: Successful NGRI defenses are rare. While rates vary from state to state, on average less than one defendant in 100-0. 85 percent-actually raises the insanity defense nationwide. Interestingly, states with higher rates of NGRI defenses tend to have lower success rates for NGRI defenses; the percentage of all defendants found NGRI is fairly constant, at around 0. 26 percent It shows from the statistics that the chances of acquittal using the insanity defense is very slim, considering that practically every loop hole in the American jurisprudence has been effectively ealed with the adoption of â€Å"Guilty But Mentally Ill† provision. Summary and Conclusion It is now a known fact that the insanity defense dates back in 17th century in Great Britain with the acquittal of David M’Naughten. The M’Naughten Right/Wrong Test underwent five modifications from 17th century up to the present time. A number of celebrated cases involving rich families and big political figures as victims in the past three centuries resulted to acquittal of the defendants in the light of the different legal interpretation of insanity defense among states. The acquittal of John Hinckley, Jr. who shot then U.  S. President Reagan and killed his press secretary in 1981 was the strong force that caused widespread public clamor for reviewing and unification of interpretation of the insanity defense strategy. At present, all states except for three ( Montana, Utah and Idaho which scrapped the insanity defense in its entirety) enacted the M’Naughten rule with modifications centered on the burden of insanity proof on the defendant. Twenty states enacted â€Å"The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 † with provision for Guilty But Mentally Ill, shutting the loopholes.

Determination of coefficient of expansion of air

Determination of coefficient of expansion of air INTRODUCTION This experiment is based on investigating the coefficient of expansion of air using a simple laboratory set up; the stopper flask method, where pressure is constant throughout the experiment. The increase in volume of a gas is directly proportional its temperature increase and is expressed as a fractional changed in dimensions per unit temperature change. Air will easily expand when it is heated and contract when it is cooled. The aim of the experiment was to: * Determine the coefficient of expansion of air using a stoppered flask method. The flask was stoppered and a thick tube allowed interactions with the outside. The flask was heated in a beaker (with water) and then transferred immediately to cold water where the cold water was allowed to enter and air within the flask decreased. The initial and final volumes of air and water was calculated (directly or indirectly whichever appropriate) and the coefficient was calculated from these. The experiment in its design allowed the calculation of the coefficient of expansion of air to be 3.22 * 10-3 K-1. This was calculated at a temperature of 24oC and pressure of 1 atm, which gives a good approximation compared to the theoretical value of 3.37 * 10-3 at a temperature of 24 oC (297 K). THEORY Dooley (1919) indicates that gases are said to be perfectly elastic because they have no elastic limit and expand and contract alike under the action of heat. That is to say, every substance when in the gaseous state and not near its point of liquefaction has the same coefficient of expansion, this coefficient being 1/273 of its volume for each degree Centigrade. He further goes on to say that since a gas contracts 1/273 part of its volume when its temperature is lowered 1 ° C, such a rate of contraction would theoretically reduce its volume to zero at a temperature of 273 ° C. Since all gases reach their liquefying point before this low temperature is attained, however, no such contraction exists. At the same time, it may be said that if heat is considered as a motion of the molecules of a substance, that motion is to be considered as having ceased when the temperature has reached 273 ° C. This is the expansion coefficient of an ideal gas. GAY LUSSACS LAW Madan (2008: 81) indicates that the coefficient of expansion of a substance at any given temperature, t, is the small fraction of its volume by which one cubic centimeter of the substance will increase when heated from to. * Gases are affected by changes of temperature in the same general way as liquids and solids, expanding when heated and contracting when cooled. * For a given change in temperature, they change in volume to a far greater extent than either liquids or solids. * All gases, at temperatures considerably above their liquefying points, have practically the same coefficient of expansion. This was first observed by Gay Lussac and Charles, and is a very remarkable one, and a great contrast to what has been noticed in the case of solids and liquids, each of which has its own special coefficient of expansion, often differing widely from those of others. EXPANSION AGAINST CONSTANT PRESSURE Atkins (2006: p35) indicates that: By definition: At constant pressure: This indicates that the work done is actually the difference between the final and initial volumes multiplied a unit of pressure (which is constant). Once can say therefore that a gas expands (independent of pressure) but dependant on temperature as given by: METHOD Method as per hand out, however, a small beaker with water was used to heat the flask and atmospheric pressure was used instead of reading the barometric height (which was not available). MATERIALS/APPARATUS  · Conical Flask (100 mL)  · Rubber Stopper  · Metal Clip  · Short Glass Tube  · Heater  · Beakers (500 mL) 2  · Thick Walled Rubber Tube  · Thermometer (0 100oC)  · Electric Balance Weight of flask + fittings 136.4 + 0.1 g Weight of flask + fitting + water sucked in 168.6 + 0.1 g Weight of water sucked in 032.2 + 0.1 g Weight of flask + fittings + full water 279.8 + 0.1 g Weight of full water 143.4 + 0.1 g Temperature of boiling water 103.0 + 0.1 oC Temperature of cold water 024.0 + 0.1 oC Atmospheric Pressure 1.00 atm Volume of gas @ 103.0 oC 143.4 + 0.1 cm3 Volume of gas @ 24.0 oC 111.2 + 0.1 cm3 DISCUSSION The experiment investigated the coefficient of expansion of air. This value was found to be 3.22 * 10-3 experimentally. One would infer, at first glance, that the volume of air initially would have been the volume of the flask (100 mL), as the volume of a gas is the actual volume of the container. But why was the mass of the beaker found (filled with cold water)? Was it to give a better estimation of the volume of the air? By finding the volume using the density of water, it was found to be 143.2 cm3 which is a large difference compared to the 100 mL of the flask. Then one realized that the flask was filled to the top close to the stopper itself, and therefore assuming that the volume of air was 100mL would have been a grave mistake and calculating the volume by density was the best and accurate method to use. The experiment relies on the fact that the volume of a substance, in this case, air, is dependent on the temperature of the system. The flask (opened) was heated in boiling water, this was indirect heating of the flask, it allowed the inside of the flask to be dry and consequently allowed the air to be dry. In addition, by heating the flask in boiling water, the temperature of the air inside the flask increased as well (according to the zeroth law of thermodynamics), indicating that there will be some form of thermal equilibrium. At this point, the initial volume and temperature of the air will be obtained. The tube was closed with a clip and placed in the water at a lower temperature. The question that arises at this point is why was the clip closed? A logical assumption is that to disallow further interaction between the atmospheric air (at a lower temperature) and the flasks air (at a higher temperature), also one can say that because of the temperature gradient, their will want to escape and in so doing create a thermal equilibrium between the two. The water was allowed to enter, to replace the air and thus the volume of air decreased. This method was unique in its design that it used a backward approach. Rather than obtaining the expansion of air from a lower to a higher temperature, it measured the contraction of the air from a higher to a lower temperature. In the end, the initial and final volumes and temperatures of the air being considered were obtained, and thus the coefficient was able to be calculated. SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPANSION COEFFICIENT The value ascertained experimentally was 3.22 * 10-3. This can be termed a fractional change as it is very small (0.001th of a value 3.22). It can be inferred that this fractional change affects the volume of the sample when a rise in temperature occurs. It means therefore, that for every change in temperature from to to (t+1)o, the volume of air in one cm3 of air will increase by 3.22 * 10-3 at 1 atm (experimental condition). A small value of ÃŽÂ ±, indicated by Atkins (2006) implies that it responds weakly to changes in temperature i.e. the air responds weakly to changes in temperature which is important in life itself, as air responding strongly to temperature changes would be hazardous to our health, and may even result in cardiac arrests with sudden decreases in temperature (during winter time in north America and Europe among other places) and where there are heat surges. COMPARING EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT The theoretical value of the expansion coefficient should be, since. The deviation is (3.37 * 10-3- 3.22 * 10-3) = 1.5 * 10-2. This deviation represented almost 4.66% of the theoretical value! What can account for this deviation? It all leads to experimental errors, since pressure is constant. Obviously, by looking at the formula, the process of obtaining the final and initial volumes and temperatures will have an effect on the expansion coefficient. The volume of water sucked in may not have been at maximum due to hindrances in the tubing attached to the flask, or the water was not allowed to go in as fast as it should. Also, one can consider that the density of water used to calculate the volume of air after the water had been sucked in may have been different and hence affected the calculated the volume). All of these can contribute uncertainties to the coefficient of expansion and can be used to explain the difference observed. SOURCES OF ERRORS * The difference between the experimental and established values is therefore attributed to factors such as temperature, volume, and the accuracy at which these values were obtained as described above. * The density of water probably affected the results when it was used to calculate the final volume of air and initial volumes of air. * Within the limits of experimental error, the value ascertained was close to the theoretical value with only about 5% deviation. * The volumes and temperatures had uncertainties of + n, where n represented the volume and temperature. The final result of the coefficient had an uncertainty of 0.41%. LIMITATIONS * The method did not allow the calculations of the volumes and temperatures directly but indirectly. A direct method, if possible, would have contributed to a more accurate value of the coefficient of expansion. * The experiments were not repeated to ascertain different values of the volumes and temperatures. Averaging the values would have allowed a more accurate value of the temperatures and volumes and by extension the coefficient of expansion. ASSUMPTIONS * It was assumed that air was ideal in nature and followed the ideal gas equation. Introduction of van der waals coefficient would have proved to be more tedious in calculating the coefficient of expansion of air. * It was assumed that the volume of dry air in the flask was the volume of the water in cm3. As mentioned previously, the water was filled to the top of the flask (close to the stopper), and assuming 100mL would have been grossly inadequate contributing to more uncertainties and thus a more inaccurate value of the expansion coefficient. * It was assumed that rate at which the temperature and volume decreased when the flask was placed in the water allowed the expansion coefficient to be ascertained. This was very important, as it implied that the temperature affected the expansion and or contraction of air and water which ultimately enabled the calculation of the coefficient. CONCLUSION With reference to the aim, it can be concluded that the experiment in its design allowed the calculation of the coefficient of expansion of air to be 3.22 * 10-3 K-1. This was calculated at a temperature of 24oC and pressure of 1 atm. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anand, A and Negi, S. A Textbook of Physical Chemistry. USA: John Wiley Sons, 1985. Atkins, Peter and De Paula, Julio. 2006. Physical Chemistry 8th Edition. USA : W. H Freeman Company, 2006. Castellan and Gilbert. 1983. Physical Chemistry 3rd Edition. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1983. Chirlian and L.E. Chemistry 103 Home Page. Department of Chemistry 103. [Online] [Cited: November 7, 2009.] http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Chem/Chem103lc/chem103.html. Daley, Henry and OMalley, Robert. 1988. Problems in Chemistry 2nd Edition. USA: CRC, 1988. Dooley, William. Applied Science for Metal Workers. USA: Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2008. Flowers and James. 2004. Cracking the MCAT with CD-ROM. USA: Princeton Review, 2004. Haven, Mary, Tetrault, Gregory A and Schenken, Jerald R. 1994. Laboratory Instrumentation 4th Edition. USA: Wiley, 1994. Kaufman, Myron. 2002. Principles of thermodynamics . USA: CRC, 2002. Lide, David. 1993. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 74th Edition. USA: CRC, 1993. Madan, G.H. An Elementary Treatise on Heat. USA: Law Press, 2008. Mortimer, Roger. 2008. Physical Chemistry 3rd Edition. Canada: Elsevier Academic Press, 2008. Orme, T. A. An Introduction to the Science of Heat. USA: BiblioLife, 2008.