Effects of the Second World War on Asia and Africa Essay

Effects of the Second World War on Asia and Africa - Essay Example omists for this reason argue that decolonisation occurred due to economic reasons as colonial powers came to enjoy all the benefits of colonies without bearing heavy costs of ruling over them1. There were also movements of independence springing is different parts of Africa. Asian decolonisation may be due to economic reasons but this allowed other colonies to struggle for their freedom too. After the Second World War the hold of colonial powers started to slip as countries started to demand rights. It was also no longer feasible to control so many geographical regions both economically and politically. The feeling of being ‘used’ as a tool in the Second World War also played a role in springing independence movements. All in all decolonisation was the most significant after effect of the Second World War. Without the war it would have been difficult for Asian and African colonies to gain independence. Now we will discuss how decolonisation affected Asia and Africa. Effe cts on Asia People of Asia were involved in directly in the Second World War. British India participated in the war by lending soldiers as well as raw materials to the British Empire. Initially it was difficult for the British Empire to get the support of the Indian people but with the promise of independence Indian people were taken on board for the Second World War. Netherland, Spain, Portugal, and France also had colonies in Asia but due to their weak economic situation they had to draw out of their colonies. The first country to decolonise after Second World War was Indonesia which was under Dutch control. Spain too drew out of territories they controlled. This was all because of the effects of Second World War. The war weakened all the countries to great extent and therefore they had to pull... This essay seeks to examine effects of the Second World War on Africa and Asia. It is discussed how the end of Second World War paved the way for independence of the colonised countries in Africa and Asia. It also talks about the after-effects of decolonisation on Asian and African continents. The Second World War ended in a disaster. Japan was facing severe problems due to atomic bomb. Europe was completely destroyed as millions were affected from the war. Great Britain, France, Netherland, Spain, United States, and Soviet Union all had colonies all over the world at the time. It can be said that there was no ‘third world’ in pre Second World War scene and most of the world was controlled by the above mentioned colonisers. The effect of the damages of Second World War was great. Economically almost all the countries were suffering including the colonies themselves. The situation of the natives of colonies was not economically healthy since The Great Depression as prices of raw materials were falling constantly. The paper concludes that the long term effects of Second World War were great on Africa and Asia as new countries came into existence and new forms of nationalism were founded. New countries played an active role in international politics as well as in trade. Today Asian countries are growing at a great pace and the once ‘third world’ is now powering up to gain economic supremacy over western countries. All this began with the end of Second World War and decolonisation.

Social Work Theory and Methods of Intervention Essay Example for Free

Social Work Theory and Methods of Intervention Essay This piece of work will attempt to look at how a chosen Social Work method can be useful in case work intervention with an individual. It will look at the theory in detail with regards to its application in the client/worker relationship, taking into consideration issues of anti-discriminatory practice and the limitations which the method may have in delivering a holistic service. It will then consider the benefits of using another method in conjunction with the first in order to compliment this and provide more robust ministrations. The individual chosen from the case study is Michael. He is 15 years old and has recently been arrested along with two friends. This is not his first offence and he has intimated that he feels confused and has no-one to talk to. Additionally his relationship with family members is tentative at the present time and he has been blamed for the arrest by his friends. The method chosen in this instance is Cognitive Behavioural. This approach is concerned with the way we think. It makes the assumption that behaviour is directed by thoughts. Unlike many other concepts, which concentrate more on unconcious drives, feelings or internal conflict. Cigno and Bourne 1998, believe that most of what makes us individuals rather than clones, what shapes our personalities, including behaviour, emotion and cognition, is a result of what we have learned. This paradigm is rooted in behaviourist theory. Pavlov introduced classical conditioning after his work on physiological processes of digestion. This was a specifically centred around work with laboratory animals, which when observed in experiments began to develop associations and anticipations about food. Pavlov named this stimulus association learning. Operant conditioning is also part of this model, introduced by B. F Skinner 1953, it interposed the concepts of positive and negative reinforcment as a result of stimulus. He believed that almost any set of stimuli can aquire reinforcing or punishing associations through the consequences they bring Cigno and Bourne1998. Cognitive and behavioural theories are principles from two related streams of psychological writing, Payne 1997. Social learning theory (Bandura), focuses the fact that most behaviour is learned. However it goes further than behavioural theory by implying that peoples perceptions and thinking about their experiences and modelling what they see around them are vital to the process and interdependent to the feelings that they have regarding this. Basically Bandura believed that how we think has an affect on our behaviour and that both of these are open to change. The way we think about a situation mediates between the outside world and our inner self, Harrison and Butler 2004. People have the capacity to change and behaviour is assimilated by goals, Sheldon 1995. Cognitive behavioural programmes are based on the application of both social learning theory and cognitive theory to inform therapeutic methods, Cigno and Bourne 1998. This assessment would be done with the intention of helping Michael to see where he is at present with his own thought processes (hopes, fears,values) and to progress from these to try to make Michaels behaviour goal orientated, e. g getting Michael to think about offending in a different way and continuous reinforcment of a desired behaviour will work quickly to decrease in the behaviour which leads to offending, this promotes change in the thinking behind offending behaviour. Shaping can also be used, reinforcing small steps made toward a required behaviour. The worker also needs to challenge negative thought processes. Feedback needs to be encouraged so that Michael can see what he has achieved oustide sessions, Harrison and Butler 2004. Once the desired behaviour is achieved fading would be used to reduce the amount or type of reinforcement. This enables Michael to transfer his behaviour to other settings, Payne1997. The principle of self-talk can be tried out with Michael also. Cigno and Bourne 1998 indicate that children gain self-control over their actions as their inner speech develops. Using this formula in the form of self-talk can help with self-appraisal and self-support. Self-Instructional Training (SIT -Goldstein and Keller 1987) was developed with this as a central concept. This intervention can help to establish self control in young offenders, thus helping to decrease the arousal which may lead to offending behaviour. Beck et al 1985 followed on from Bowlbys (1977) work on attachment and loss and may take the stance that Michael has a sociotropic personality. This means that he values closeness and the loss of a relationship, a rejection or an experience of social deprivation could affect his mood and leave him feeling confused and isolated, Dryden1996. Hence the abnormal thought which lead to offending. Another use of cognitve techniques could be offered to Michael and his family in the form of Functional Family Therapy if his family were willing to participate. This focuses on family interaction. It uses contingency contracting as a means of changing family interaction in the case of young offenders. It can help to reduce recidivism and have a beneficial effect on the interactions between families. It has become increasingly evident

Slaughterhouse Five Essay -- essays research papers

Slaughterhouse-Five   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Critics often suggest that Kurt Vonnegut's novels represent a man's desperate, yet, futile search for meaning in a senseless existence. Vonnegut's novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, displays this theme. Kurt Vonnegut uses a narrator, which is different from the main character. He uses this technique for several reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Vonnegut introduces Slaughterhouse Five in the first person. In the second chapter, however, this narrator changes to a mere bystander. Vonnegut does this for a specific reason. He wants the reader to realize that the narrator and Billy Pilgrim, the main character, are two different people. In order to do this, Vonnegut places the narrator in the text, on several occasions. 'An American near Billy wailed that [Billy] had excreted everything but his brains...That was I. That was me.'; This statement clearly illustrates that the narrator and Billy are not the same person. The narrator was the American disgusted by Billy. Vonnegut places the narrator in the novel in subtle ways. While describing the German prisoner trains, he merely states, 'I was there.'; By not referring to Billy as I, Billy is immediately an individual person. I is the narrator, while Billy is Billy. Their single connection is that they were both in the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Vonnegut places his experiences and his views in the text. He begins the book by stating, 'All this happened, more or less...

Homeless in Cincinnati

Contemporary ProblemsI have selected homelessness for this paper. The homeless in Cincinnati is a large job and there are many persons and organisations out at that place contending to eliminate this job in Cincinnati. One of the organisations making this is called StreetVibe. The people that work for StreetVibe are current homeless and/or former homeless persons. They contribute to the web site and newssheet by composing poesy, articles, and other types of artistic points to educate people on the homeless state of affairs in Cincinnati. This organisation provides exigency shelter, soup kitchens, medical services, lasting lodging, societal services and transitional life installations. They look for members of the community such as local companies to fall in the battle here against homelessness. Harmonizing to the article, Homeless in Cincinnati: A Study of the Causes and Conditions of Homelessness, one of the biggest challenges today is the medical status of those persons who find themselves stateless. These persons do non hold even basic health care, nor can they afford health care. Without this many everyday medical jobs can non be diagnosed or treated. The article besides discusses two grounds why homelessness is a go oning job ; drug maltreatment plays against an single seeking to acquire off the streets. They can non give up the substance maltreatment and keep a occupation, household, and other duties. Another issue that contributes to the issue of homelessness is the shutting of mental wellness installations. These persons may non hold medical resources to go on their intervention and stop up on the streets due to miss of aid in happening lodging, a occupation, etc. One of the biggest challenges confronting Cincinnati is holding an accurate history of how many stateless people there are. The people who live in the street are largely unseeable and unless sing a soup kitchen or shelter the true Numberss can non be figured. Too frequently these persons live on hillsides, under Bridgess, along the river and are really hard to acquire in touch with ( Burdell, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to the Greater Cincinnati Coalition for the Homeless, 25 per centum of the homeless in the metropolis are kids, 45 per centum are kids under 5. It is interesting to observe that 68.5 per centum of all the homeless in Cincinnati are Afro-american. It ‘s besides interesting to observe that of all the homeless in Cincinnati, 30 per centum are alcohol maltreaters and 31.5 per centum are substance maltreaters while 31 per centum suffer from some signifier of mental unwellness. This makes the occupation of human service workers really hard as these people are close and difficult to acquire to cognize every bit good as the trouble of happening them on the streets to give them assistance. Many garbage aid or are really disdainful and do non desire aid. One of the organisations in Cincinnati that assists the homeless is The Salvation Army. In 2008, The Salvation Army provided impermanent lodging for over 6,800 people. This lodging includes shelters, grownup day care installations, transitional life agreements and helping with rent and public-service corporations. One of the challenges at this clip are the figure of homeless. With the downswing in the economic system, there are more households that need aid which is seting a strain on these types of services. Presently in Cincinnati besides the Red Kettle plan, there are Adopt-A-Family and the Toy Shop plan. These plans provide are for the populace or companies to supply a household with gifts and nutrient for the vacations. The Toy Shop plan provides kids with new playthings for Christmas. Another organisation in Cincinnati that assists with homelessness is Goodwill. Goodwill ‘s biggest are of aid is in contributions of vesture, family points, autos and trucks to assist people acquire back and Forth to work or to medical attention visits. Goodwill besides provide many other services such as vocational services for preparation, reding and employment services and many other services to help veterans, kids and adult females. The lodging plan that Goodwill provides includes aid with rent, security sedimentations, furniture, public-service corporations and other points that are required for the homeless to acquire off the streets and go independent. Cincinnati has legion organisations to help the homeless, the bureaus discussed supra are the largest bureaus that provide many services, in many countries to the people of Cincinnati. These organisations provide a valuable service that provides much needed aid to the metropolis ‘s homeless. Without these organisations, the homeless in Cincinnati would hold nowhere to turn for aid with lodging, repasts, occupations, vesture and many other points.MentionsApplied Information Resources, Inc. ( 2001 ) . Homeless in Cincinnati: A Study of the Causes and Conditions of Homelessness. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cincihomeless.org/content/downloads/GCCH_HomelessInCincinnati.pdf Savage, C. , Lindsell, C. , Gillespie, G. , Lee, R. , & A ; Corbin, A. ( 2008 ) . Bettering wellness position of homeless patients at a nurse-managed clinic in the Midwest USA. Health & A ; Social Care in the Community. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from EBSCOhost: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail? vid=3 & A ; hid=2 & A ; sid=514bc4fe-bd2f-4acd-90b4-90deafd349a1 % 40sessionmgr110 & A ; bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ % 3d % 3d # db=a9h & A ; AN=34138045 # db=a9h & A ; AN=34138045 # db=a9h & A ; AN=34138045 The Greater Cincinnati Coalition For The Homeless, ( n.d. ) . Homeless Statitists. Retreived from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cincihomeless.org/content/hfacts.html, on December 3, 2009. The Salvation Army. ( n.d. ) .Facts and figures.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.use.salvationarmy.org/use/www_use_cincinnati.nsf/vw-text-dynamic-arrays/C840FE6A7522E69D85257478006596FB? openDocument, on December 4, 2009.

A Critique of a health promotion tool Essay

The purpose of this essay is to critically analyse a health education resource, to show knowledge and understanding of the use of health behaviour models and to understand the concept of health promotion. The health education resource chosen by the author is presented in the form of a leaflet promoting breast awareness. Health promotion is â€Å"any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organisational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conductive to the health of individuals, groups and communities†. (Joint Committee, 2001, p.101). The purpose of health promotion is to encourage the adoption of â€Å"healthy† behaviours. Health promotion is made up of 3 main concepts, which are Health education, Health protection and Prevention of disease, these also referred to as the health triad. There are many factors which may affect the implementation of health promotion, these are: educational background, sociocultural contexts, demographic position, attitudes, behaviour, socioeconomic groups and beliefs. Health promotion is also cost beneficial, although it appears to cost money, society saves money in the long run because treatment costs more than disease prevention, health protection and health education. Even though health promotion was being practiced in the 18th century, the most relevant changes have occurred in the past 20 years, this is primarily due to a change in the emphasis of health care. Health become more about prevention of illness rather than treatment in the early 1980’s, this paradigm shift in emphasis is directly related to cost benefits from health promotion and the change of responsibility for health onto the individual rather than the establishment (Health professionals). Health has been defined as: â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and merely the absence of disease or infirmity†. Health consists of five dimensions, which are: Physical health, Emotional health, Social health, Mental health and Spiritual health. Main Body Health promotion is a fundamental component of the health care systems. The health promotion relies on the health triad model, which consists of 3main domains as mentioned above in the introduction. The author will now go into more detail about these three domains. Health education – All aspects of  positive health education are comprised in the domain. This includes helping individuals, groups or communities develop positive health impute, such as self-esteem and life skills by influencing behaviour (Butler, 2001). Health Protection – This domain focuses on the increase of positive health and the prevention of ill health. It also comprises regulations and policies (Downie et al 1998). Disease Prevention – Planning and measures taken to stop disease or health problems before health event occur. This domain is split into three levels of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary prevention – seeks to stop the onset of illness or injury during the pre-pathogenesis period. Secondary prevention measures leads to early diagnosis therefore treatment can be carried out promptly to prevent more severe pathogenesis. Tertiary prevention measures focus on the rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis, the role of tertiary prevention is to limit the affects of the pathogenesis has on individual’s lives (Cottrell et al 2002). A model is a framework used as a tool in health promotion to plan actions. Health behaviour is the focus of health promotion models, is to promote health successfully the models purpose is to promote a change in the individuals behaviours or to adopt new behaviours. Behaviours are modified by a number of internal and external factors, such as demographic variables e.g. gender, age, socio-psychological variables e.g. personality, social class and structural variables e.g. Knowledge about disease (Butler, 2001). There are numerous models used in health promotion but the author is going to concentrate on 3 of these models. The first model the author is going to look at is â€Å"The Health Belief Model† (HBM). The HBM is one the first behavioural change models to be developed; it is one of the most influential approaches to explaining health related behaviour. The HBM is a model of cognition, based on the predictors and precursors to health behaviours. Changes in behaviour are dependent on 5 factors – Perceived severity – cues to action, the belief that a health problem is serious. Perceived threat –  susceptibility, the belief that one is susceptible to a problem. Perceived benefit – the belief that changing one’s behaviour will reduce the threat. Perceived barriers – a perception of the obstacles/costs of changing one’s behaviour, self efficacy – the belief that one has the ability to change one’s behaviour (Butler, 2001). This model is most commonly utilised in primary and secondary preventions such as breast screening, testicular examination, cervical smears and the prostate cancer screening to name a few (Pender et al 2002). The second model the author is going to look at is the Transtheoretical Model. This model is also referred to as the Stages of Change Model. In this model behaviour change is viewed as a process which concentrates on the individual’s readiness to change. The difference with this specific model is that it is a cyclical process. Client’s often drop out of the interventions but may later re-enter where they left off or alternatively return to the initial stages. According to this model the are 5 stages of change: Pre-contemplation – not thinking about changing behaviour, Contemplation – thinking about changing behaviour in the near future, decision – making a plan to change behaviour, Maintenance – continuation of behaviour change. This model is most commonly associated with secondary prevention such as smoking, alcoholism, drugs abuse. Exercise and dietary change (Butler 2001). The third and final model the author is going to look at is the Dia gram of Reasoned Action (Appendix 1) which interlinks with the diagram of theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Appendix 2). The above models consist of attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms, intention and behaviour but the TBP also includes perceived behavioural control. The purpose of both of these frameworks is not to study behaviour itself but to study attitudes towards behaviours. These models are most commonly associated with primary and tertiary preventions, primary preventions such as immunisation, contraception and nutrition, tertiary preventions such as smoking cessation, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) Auto Immune Disease Syndrome (AIDS) (Cottrell, 2002). In the United Kingdom (UK) approximately 1 in 12 women will develop breast cancer at some time in their lives. There are 25,000 new cases and 15,000 deaths due to breast cancer annually; approximately one percent of breast cancer incidence occurs in  men. The main risk factors associated with breast cancer are as follows: Family history, increasing age, late menopause, first child after 30 years of age, nuliparity (no pregnancies), social class (this is the most significant risk factor), and geographical location (e.g. UK has higher mortality than Japan). Other factors which are under evaluation are, stress, high alcohol intake and high – fat diet. (Alexander et al 2000). The incidence of breast cancer in women very rarely falls below the age of 35 years, rates being to increase steadily from then, affecting over 300 of 100,000 of the population by the time women reach the age of 85 years. The greatest numbers of women are diagnosed between the ages of 45 and 65 years of age. Breast cancer in men is almost always detected beyond the age of 65 years (Alexander et al 2000). As a requirement of this health promotion essay the author h As chosen a breast awareness leaflet to critically analyse. When critically analysing a health promotion resource, there are 5 important points to consider: links – The material should contain obvious and direct links to the discussion, Intelligibility – The material Should be understandable and a reasonable learning resource, the use of complex language and over long sentences or statements should be avoided to maintain concentration, print size should be of a reasonable size to prevent audience squinting to read the text and the font also should be pick with care such as sans seril (e.g. Ariel) use of pictures and diagrams. Colours should also be appropriate to the subject e.g. discreet subject, plain neutral colours, should be chosen. General style – style of the material should remain consistent to avoid distractions. Highlighting – This is a useful way of emphasising important points. Some methods of highlighting are bold text, underlining, changing c olour of the text, shaded area of importance. Targeting – This is aiming at the target audience e.g. age, gender. In relation to the leaflet the author is going to critically analyse the leaflet using the 5 points above. : Links – All points of the discussion mentioned in the leaflet were relevant to breast awareness. Intelligility – simple language is used throughout the leaflet although sentences so tend to be long winded/ Print size is of a reasonably readable size, the fonts is reasonable and consistent, two pictures are included in the leaflets but the audience would have benefited  more from diagrams as the pictures were not self explanatory, the front cover is appealing to the eye (see Appendix) and relevant to the subject, the background is purple which fades in form the top to the bottom and the pink ribbon which is the motif for the breast cancer this make the leaflet automatically recognisable to a person who was looking for a leaflet on this topic, yet not necessarily noticed by someone who isn ’t. Breast awareness is printed in white, with fairly large print size and an acceptable if muted font. The front cover specifies the main purpose of the leaflet is to provide information and support; there is also a clear indication of who is promoting this learning resource. General style – The style and format of the leaflet is consistent from start to finish. Highlighting – Highlighting was used throughout the leaflet to determine headings and subheadings this was achieved by changing the print colour to purple. Shading was also used to highlight important points. Targeting – The target audience of this learning resource is women, although men are briefly mentioned. The author feels that the leaflet would most likely be targeting women from quite a young age as it is a precautionary action so the quicker adaptation to new behaviours are absorbed the earlier the individual becomes familiar the there own breast and what normal form them.

Free Essays on Relationship Between Phineas And Gene

Relationship between Phineas and Gene. A surrealistic environment, which the boys of Devon lived in, reflected Gene and Finny’s abstract and hopeless â€Å"friendship†. By approaching the piece of writing with an almost surgical technique, disserting its parts, eliminating the unneeded, and adding the ideas, that were needed to create an effective and interpretive novel, showed a true talent of novelist John Knowles. His thought of putting the atmosphere in the major place, and manipulating its weather, fauna, and fate of characters, explains its exact role in their lives. The tree, which represents the whole tone of the novel, which becomes of the great importance during the rising action of the plot, draws us closer to reality and presents the unthinkable. The nightly jump out of the tree becomes a source of smoldering resentment for Gene. He fears the jump, but fears losing Finny's respect even more, which leads to tension that he tries to suppress. This tension is evident when Finny stops Gene from falling out of the tree, practically saving his life, even though Gene feels no great gratitude toward that act. Finny is strongly individualistic and prizes the freedom to live by his own rules. Gene allows Finny to create rules for him. The idea of simply refusing to jump out of the tree never occurs to Gene, even though complying goes against his instincts. Unlike Gene and just about every other student at Devon, Finny does not see himself as competing against his classmates in everything he does. When Finny courageously puts forth a show of bare emotion in telling Gene he is his best friend, Gene knows he should return the sentiment, but he (like most Devon students) is not used to such emotional honesty and feels somewhat frightened by it. Something even deeper than the constraints of conventionality holds him back from replying to Finny. In retrospect, G... Free Essays on Relationship Between Phineas And Gene Free Essays on Relationship Between Phineas And Gene Relationship between Phineas and Gene. A surrealistic environment, which the boys of Devon lived in, reflected Gene and Finny’s abstract and hopeless â€Å"friendship†. By approaching the piece of writing with an almost surgical technique, disserting its parts, eliminating the unneeded, and adding the ideas, that were needed to create an effective and interpretive novel, showed a true talent of novelist John Knowles. His thought of putting the atmosphere in the major place, and manipulating its weather, fauna, and fate of characters, explains its exact role in their lives. The tree, which represents the whole tone of the novel, which becomes of the great importance during the rising action of the plot, draws us closer to reality and presents the unthinkable. The nightly jump out of the tree becomes a source of smoldering resentment for Gene. He fears the jump, but fears losing Finny's respect even more, which leads to tension that he tries to suppress. This tension is evident when Finny stops Gene from falling out of the tree, practically saving his life, even though Gene feels no great gratitude toward that act. Finny is strongly individualistic and prizes the freedom to live by his own rules. Gene allows Finny to create rules for him. The idea of simply refusing to jump out of the tree never occurs to Gene, even though complying goes against his instincts. Unlike Gene and just about every other student at Devon, Finny does not see himself as competing against his classmates in everything he does. When Finny courageously puts forth a show of bare emotion in telling Gene he is his best friend, Gene knows he should return the sentiment, but he (like most Devon students) is not used to such emotional honesty and feels somewhat frightened by it. Something even deeper than the constraints of conventionality holds him back from replying to Finny. In retrospect, G...

The Impact of the Fruits of the Spirit on Psychotherapy

The Impact of the Fruits of the Spirit on Psychotherapy Introduction It is very important for the Christian psychotherapists to have proper knowledge and understanding of the scriptures. The utilization of systematic theology offers the apparatuses that are required in giving guidance in the approach to understanding God’s character and His mission.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Fruits of the Spirit on Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employing this approach will serve as a basis for a functional working model for the counselors to engage in the suitable integration of faith and counseling in order to create hope and healing of man in all aspects of life (Clinton Hawkins, 2009). This paper is going to discuss the impact of the fruits of the Holy Spirit on psychotherapy. This is going to be discussion under three sections; theology, mission, and counseling. There will be a summary of the discussion in the conclusion sectio n. Theology In Christianity, it is assumed that human beings are created to relate to God. In the book of Psalms 41:1, this is regarded as the basic need where it is pointed out that â€Å"as the deer longs for flowing streams of water, so my soul longs for you, O God† (Fayard, 2006, p.10). It is suggest by the Psalmist, as well as Augustine that spirituality is a fundamental driving force that has clear psychological implications (Fayard, 2006). This implications as well give a reflection of a spirituality which is not just rational, but has anthropomorphic elements as well. Human beings are designed to thirst for their creator as a person, and God is willing to respond at all times (Grenz, 1994). This point of view is contradicted by those that for an amorphous spirituality or regard religion as â€Å"no more than a cultural narrative† (Joseph, 2003, p.14). Jesus pointed out that the greatest law is â€Å"Love your God with all your heart and wilh all your soul and with all your mind â€Å"and the second is â€Å"Love your neighbor as yourself† (Mathew chapter 22). It is stated in the Bible that God is love. According to the book of 1Corinthians13, Paul points out that any experience that has no love is useless. Love is as well looked at from of interpersonal and ethical point of view (Hodge, 1975). It is stated in the book of John, chapter 13 and verses 34 and 35 that â€Å"A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another†¦by this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another† (Fayard, 2006, p.11). Love tends to be the arranging rule of divine doings. In the present times, psychotherapy is dominated by either â€Å"the empirically supported protocols from Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy or by Eastern informed humanistic strategies† (Fayard, 2006, p.10). Within this context, boosting of the contexts of being loved and also loving is of significance. The re is a tendency among the Cognitivists to engage in overemphasizing a rationalist point of view, but on the other hand, there is a tendency for the humanists to put focus on a â€Å"self-referencing ethic† (Fayard, 2006, p, p.11).Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bergin (1980) points out that â€Å"values are an inevitable and almost omnipresent part of the therapeutic process† (Bergin, 1980, p.95). Evidence has been offered by the researches that have been conducted that the values of the therapist have an influence on every psychotherapy phase, encompassing the theories of the therapeutic change as well as personality, evaluation strategies, treatment goals, design and choosing of the interventions, and assessment of the outcomes of therapy (Grider, 1994; McCullough, 1999). The values of the therapist have influence on the patients, most of the time taking on their moral, religious values as well as health (Miller, 1999). In Christianity, there is an assumption of moral order which gives the reflection of the Creator’s image in the creature. The book of Exodus chapter 20 expresses the values that create boundaries: inner differentiation and â€Å"the regulation of interpersonal social adjustment that flow from a personal and collective ethic informed by love† (Fayard, 2006, p.11). The book of Galatians gives a reflection of the virtues at the heart of the values held by Christianity which include self control, love, goodness, gentleness, kindness, peace, faithfulness and joy, and embodied in the individual and Jesus Christ’s life (Fayard, 2006). Of greater importance is the assumption which is put forward in Christianity that the completeness of Imago Dei can only be a product of spiritual processes. It was pointed out by the creator of modern Adventism that culture, putting the will into effect, h uman endeavor, and educations have their appropriate field, but here they are ineffective. â€Å"They may produce an outward correctness of behaviors, but they can no change the heart†¦That power is Christ (White, 1892, p.11). This implies that the emphasis on values can just go as far with no clear understanding of grace as being a base. The Christian psychotherapists have to be faithful to the patient’ values and at the same time, they should have acknowledgement of the moral implications, relationships, and conduct. A large number of psychotherapists would concur with the virtues expressed as being the fruits of the Holy Spirit (Saunders, et al, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of the Fruits of the Spirit on Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Positive Psychology suggests the same listing (Peterson Seligman, 2004). The profession has been challenged by Doherty (1 996), to consider the moral challenges in a serious manner. Fayard (2006) suggested that Exodus 20 offers a significant compass in this line. Mission All through the Scripture, the main theme is the restoration of nations. In order for this mission to go on, there is a need for believers to possess the outpouring power of the Holy Spirit. This kind of power makes it possible for the believers to go out and serve as witnesses. The Holy Spirit provides discernment for one to be perceptive to all forms of the needs of the needy people. The mission Dei model requires one to be culturally competent. By one being a therapist and at the same time a minister, it is essential for him or her to have the understanding of various cultural limitations and strengths. This can be realized through sufficient training in cultural competency, referred to as Sue’s cultural competence. This training gives a highlight of the strengths, values and ethical guiding principles among other important c ultural information. All human beings are created in the image and likeness of God. Since all human beings are created in the image of God, which is not similar to any other thing He created, they have the duty to serve as His representatives and should also represent His interests and serve as His ambassadors for all creatures. By making human beings in His own image, He offers them a value. This is a respect that is given to all Human beings, and it is supposed to serve as the hand which Christians are in a position to use to reach out other people to show them God’s character through the acts of acceptance, as well as love (Wright, 2006). Therefore, it is imperative for the therapists to portray love and acceptance to their clients (Rogers, 1961). Being Christian counselors, these people are called not just to have recognition of this value, but they as well need to go a mile further to turning out to be God’s ambassadors to their clients to provide them with love, dignity and acceptance which are traced in the character of God (McMinn Campbell, 2007). The Imago Dei concept has two significant missiological implications. First, it illustrates the ability of human beings to fellowship with God. The other implication is that human beings are created with the ability to serve as God’s representatives (Vicedom, 1965). Even if the fall of man injured God’s fellowship with man, through the Imago Dei, it is possible to make a restoration of a man in order for him to fellowship with God (Hope, 1987).Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through Jesus’ redemptive sacrifice on the cross, the plan God has is to ensure restoration of all human beings to Himself. This can be clearly seen in the â€Å"Great Commission† as portrayed in the book of Mathew, Chapter 28 and verses 19 and 20, where Jesus makes a command to his disciples â€Å"to go into the entire world and make disciples from all nations†. Jesus Christ did not engage in ruling any person out as being incapable of being redeemed (Packer, 1973). The Creator made all human beings as male and female. He commissioned Human beings to have power over the entire creation. Among the ways in which an indication of this was given is Adam giving names to all animals. In the book of Genesis, chapter one and verse twenty eight, there is the establishment of the precedent to the writings of Paul that came later in book of 2 Corinthians chapter five and verse 20 in which it is taught that the Christians are to serves as ambassadors of God and should repr esent Him. It is also pointed out that all human beings were created to have equal qualifications to ensure this purpose is accomplished. Jews and Gentiles alike were offered the gift of the Holy Spirit in the book of Acts and have a common commission to set out to be God’s representatives to all nations. York (2000) pointed out that â€Å"God’s creation of humankind in His image establishes both the scope and agency of God’s mission†¦God’s mission will be to all peoples† (York, 2000, p.23). Cheong DiBlasio (2007) points out that â€Å"a Christian counseling perspective of love must emerge from an understanding of God’s character, redemptive work throughout history, and command to love† (p.14). God made a choice to reveal Himself in two different ways; a general way and a special way. Through the God’s revelation, human beings are in a position to see how the reconciliation as well as redemption are being played all throu gh the history and lives of human beings. Beginning from the time man felt short of the glory of God to this very moment and to the future, the plan of God has been and will always be in motion (Clinton, Hart Ohlschlager, 2005). Counseling The clearly seen form of integration of counseling and faith is found in the way the counselor behaves. However, this does not imply that the counselors who utilize the â€Å"Christian practices† possess integrated learning and faith† (Alexander, n.d, p.1). In simple terms, it may imply that they have done away with â€Å"their training altogether† (Alexander, n.d, p.1). Alexander (n.d) points out that: Prayer, use of the Bible, healing of the memories through inviting God into the situation, use of Christian symbols and ritual, deliverance, laying on of hands, and involvement in church life are all Biblically based practices which Christians might draw on in their counseling practice (Alexander, n.d, p.1). In a large number o f cases, such practices would be utilized only in those situations where clients were Christians and had permitted their use. Among the church counseling centers, there are those that may utilize these practices regularly, holding the belief that in case people come to Christian centers that are open, theyll have to have the willingness to accept a practice like this (Keating Fretz, 1990; Rose, et al, 2001). Indication would be given by professional training that would be always looking for permission for those practices that are not utilized willingly by the profession, and the Christians should draw a difference between â€Å"counseling† and â€Å"ministry† as being a part of the care duty. According to Tan (1996), â€Å"if the client shows no interest at all in religion or spiritual issues, then the therapist has to respect the client’s preferences† (Tan, 1996, p.370). A large number of Christian counselors have received subjective evidence of practic es that are apparently â€Å"disrespectful of uninformed clients and which amount to spiritual abuse when used without explanation or choice being given† (Alexander, n.d, p.2). A suggestion of three ethical guidelines is given by Nelson and Wilson (1984). The first guideline is in relation to when handling clinical problems that will be assisted by religious or spiritual intervention. The second is if they are operating in the belief system of the person him or herself and the third is, if they have keenly defined the counseling agreement to encompass these resources or practices. Then, having these practices integrated would call for the counselor to think through his or her beliefs in regard to the person’s nature, the healing process and the disease nature. The counselor is supposed to be in a position to carry out the articulation of their position on all of these areas and therefore give good reason for their use of any practice they take up (Martin, 2000). For in stance, in case a counselor holds a belief that healing originates from the renewal of the mind, shifting of the usual thought patterns, and brings together with a cognitive behavioral understanding theoretical context, they would be fully in line with â€Å"helping a self-identified Christian client recognize unbiblical thought patterns and replace these with verses which fit with the context of Biblical thinking as a whole – for example, an understanding of grace and God’s acceptance† (Alexander, n.d, p.1). Another counselor who holds a belief that the larger portion of adult behavior is brought about by childhood neglect issues has a high likelihood to â€Å"draw on a psychodynamic understanding of attachment and to use inner healing, relating to helping the client find God as the longed-for parent† (Alexander, n.d, p2). They may come to an agreement to pray together and make a request to the Holy Spirit to give the revelation of keys to healing. This as well, is a theological and theoretical understanding integration. As on the one hand, these theoretical positions and practices may contradict one another, but on the other hand, they are confirmation of integration of faith, as well counseling and clear practice (Bartz, 2009). The counselors are supposed to engage in thinking through whatever Christian practices are and get the understanding of the way they are connected to the theoretical as well as theological beliefs they hold. It is also imperative that they become aware of the way they give the explanation to these practices and the way to ask for permission for their utilization with the clients. In this regard, it can be pointed out that it is very important to have recognition of the breadth of Christian practice and theology. A member of the Anglican Church may prefer using a crucifix in the course of counseling and be comfortable with this but on the other hand, he or she may be afraid of the inviting the Holy Spirit. However, a member of the Pentecostal Church may have a different feeling (Clinton Hawkins, 2009). It is very vital that counselors make no assumptions that since a person is a Christian, he/she is willing to accept whatever practice the counselor may be aware of. Those practices suit their â€Å"particular church experience† (Alexander, n.d, p.2). Among the Christians, there are those who may engage in counseling without mentioning the name of God at all, and still be â€Å"Jesus† to the people they are counseling. Moreover, there are those that may continually, and with awareness, follow the guidance of the Holy Spirit in a situation in which they can reveal what they are actually undertaking (Tan Gregg, 1997; Collins, 2007). An important portion of integration is the â€Å"own being† of the counselors, their personal integrity, as well as their spiritual growth. Conclusion The fruits of the Holy Spirit have several impacts on psychology. It is very import fo r the Christian psychotherapists to understand the scriptures well, in order for them to help in counseling people who may need their assistance. Christianity makes an assumption that human beings are created to relate to God. Christian psychotherapists have to be faithful to the patients’ values and, at the same time, they should acknowledge the moral implications, relationships and conduct, being aware that all human beings are made in the image of God. The dominating theme in the scriptures is the restoration of nations. In order for this mission to go on, there is the need for believers to possess the outpouring power of the Holy Spirit. There is need for the counselors to follow the guidance of the Holy Spirit in situations in which they can reveal to their clients what they are undertaking (Tan, 1997; Collins, 2007) in the process of counseling. They need to integrate faith and psychotherapy and the important portion of integration is the â€Å"own being† of the counselors, their personal integrity, as well as their spiritual growth. References Alexander, I. (n.d). Integration in the practice of Christian counselors. Web. Bartz, J. D. (2009). Theistic existential psychotherapy. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1(2), 69-80. Bergin, A. (1980). Psychotherapy and religious values. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 48 (1), 95-105. Cheong, R. DiBlasio, F. (2007). Christ-love and forgiveness: A biblical foundation for counseling practice. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 26(1), 14-25. Web. Clinton, T., Hart, A., Ohlschlager, G. (2005). 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